The authors enumerate and analyze key challenges that global financial and legal systems face in connection with the introduction of cryptocurrency. They present definitions of cryptocurrency used in international and Russian practice. The authors also study the court practice on crimes involving the use of bitcoins and examine the approaches to determining the legal status of cryptocurrency in foreign countries and in the Russian Federation. It is stated that at present the international regulatory practice lacks a common universal document that would regulate the use of digital (electronic) currencies. At the same time, a considerable number of foreign countries have already worked out their attitudes to virtual currency — ranging from the absolute prohibition of all operations to stimulating mining and payments in cryptocurrencies. The authors identify five key approaches to regulating the market of cryptocurrencies in international practice. They outline multiple risks connected with the partial substitution of official means of payment by cryptocurrencies. It is stated that in our country cryptocurrencies and operations involving them are now beyond the scope of law because cryptocurrencies are not recognized as an object of legal protection. However, a number of draft laws that regulate the issue and turnover of «virtual assets» are to be adopted in the near future. The authors identify key prerequisites for the use of effective regulatory approaches to operations with cryptocurrencies and the directions for the creation of a normative legal base for such operations in the Russian Federation. It is important to take measures and prevent the use of cryptocurrencies for the financing of criminal activities and terrorism. The authors use the analysis of the normative legal basis of the Russian Federation, existing theories and their own considerations to recommend an introduction of a favorable regime of cryptocurrency market regulation by implementing the best international practices whose essence (in general terms) is reflected in the clauses of this article.
The relevance of research is due to the increasing role of planning in the activities of modern construction enterprises. World and Russian economy is subject to crisis phenomena, which are periodically aggravated, having a negative influence on the results of activities of micro-level economic subjects. The purpose of this research is to improve the process of company planning and rise of effectiveness at the building enterprises. The object of the research is building enterprises and the entire set of planning processes implemented on them in order to improve the effectiveness of their processes. The subject of the research is the organization and economic relations appearing in the process of functioning of building enterprises and planning of their activities in modern conditions. The author investigated the state and prospects of the development of building complex of the Irkutsk region, analyzed the organizational structure of management of a number of building enterprises, as a result, disadvantages in the planning of organizational work at these enterprises were revealed. The basic concepts of planning presented in the scientific and economic literature were researched, summarized, and refined, the essence of enterprise’s planning activity in market conditions was determined, stage-by-stage model of company planning, which allows to systematize this process, was developed. The author’s model covers the strategic and tactical aspects of company planning, which includes several successively related stages. The methodology of research is based on the use of general scientific methods, aimed to understanding the process of function planning of building enterprises. Elements of systematic and complex approach, methods of economic, logical, comparative analysis, scientific search and classification were used in the course of the study.
This article shows the results of a socially significant research, the relevance of which is constantly growing in current conditions, due to the impending global crisis. Research objectives are to develop theoretical knowledge in sphere of quality ecological assessment of the urbanized territories and identification of opportunities for their practical use in certain regions. Authors have systemized factors that affect on the quality of urban environment and identified main approaches, which are used in implementing of the quality ecological assessment of the urbanized territories’ environment. Results of ecological and hygienic assessment of air quality of Irkutsk Region’s (Russia) cities have been introduced as a part of the author’s methodology. Main sources of pollution and their impact on atmospheric pollutant emissions have been identified. Urban areas with high level of air pollution have been revealed. Based on the findings, set of measures has been proposed to restore ecological balance in Irkutsk region, the implementation of which will improve the environmental conditions of atmospheric air as one of the criteria of quality assessment of urban territories. Methods of systemic and comparative analysis, expert opinions and social polls as well as ecological monitoring of the environment have been used during the research.
In modern terms of housekeeping complicated by coronavirus infection and crisis phenomena in world and Russian economics, there is a high probability of different risks occurrence, connected with activity of modern enterprises in investment and construction sphere. Success, profit and efficiency of enterprise activity in current situation in many ways depends on ability to manage appearing risks to minimize them. It confirms relevance of the research which results are performed in this article. Purpose of the research is to reveal priority directions of management actions aimed to production, financial, logistics, investment and other processes functioning in regional investment and construction sphere, and also to develop mechanism of risk management, which allows to provide reducing of risk appearance probability and minimize their effects. Authors have assessed state Irkutsk region’s investment and construction complex, determined the most likely risks of construction activity. It has been determined the essence of “risk” concept, and systematization of risks in investment and construction processes has been implemented. Mechanism of construction enterprise’s risk management has been developed. The methodological base for research are general scientific methods of understanding the processes of construction products: observation, generalization, comparison, grouping, as well as methods of logical, economical and system analysis.
There are 5 types of housing in this article which are consistent with generally accepted classification of residential real estate. It has been implemented a segmentation of the new buildings market by types of availability based on discriminant analysis. This type of the analysis is a statistical method, which allows to research differences between 2 or more object groups simultaneously on several variables and also gives an opportunity to classify objects according to the principle of maximum similarity. According to the samples, some rules have been obtained which later make it possible to determine the class of new objects. The discriminant functions and distribution graphs of objects by type of accessibility have been built, classification method has been graphically presented. Data base of 102 objects has been formed and 12 factors that characterize types of housing availability have been chosen. It has been determined that 5-element classification of objects is the basis for formation of market positions and development of economic strategy for developer in the housing market.
Fluorinated lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics are prepared using mechanical activation of the starting mixture and synthesized ceramic powder in a vibratory mill, and their physical properties are studied. The introduction of fluorine (1-5 mol %) into the starting mixture enhances the dielectric rigidity of the material. The addition of 0.1-0.3 mol % F in combination with 0.3-3 mol % Fe makes it possible to produce hard piezoceramics capable of operating in electric fields of up to 3 kV/cm. The ceramics have a tetragonally distorted perovskite structure and consist of grains 1-2 µ m in size. X-ray microanalysis of specimens prepared by polishing and etching reveals significant compositional inhomogeneities.
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