With the establishment of Zika virus in the Americas, an accurate understanding of the geographic range of its primary vector, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), is vital to assessing transmission risk. In an article published in June 2016, Hahn and colleagues compiled county-level records in the United States for the presence of Ae. aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) reported between January 1995 and March 2016. Despite ecological suitability for both mosquito species along the Gulf Coast, Ae. aegypti was not reported in Alabama during the time interval, a result consistent with research suggesting that interactions between these two species often result in displacement of Ae. aegypti. Herein, we report the detection of Ae. aegypti populations in Mobile, Alabama, after a 26-yr absence and present findings on human perceptions of Zika virus relevant to transmission. It is unclear whether the specimens (69 out of 1074) represent a recent re-introduction or belong to a previously undetected remnant population. Sequencing of mtDNA from identified Ae. aegypti matched closest to a specimen collected in Kerala, India. A survey of residents in the surveillance area suggests high encounter rates with mosquitoes in and around homes. Despite high self-reported knowledge about Zika virus, the survey revealed gaps in knowledge regarding its transmission cycle and relative degrees of vulnerability to serious illness among segments of the human population. These findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance, vector control, and public-health education in Gulf Coast states, as well as the potential threat of Ae. Aegypti-transmitted pathogens in southern Alabama.
To establish a basis for discussion of security and privacy for data management, a few fundamental notions need to be defined. In its most general interpretation a database is a structured collection of information. A data management system is intended as a unique means of providing access to transient information or the information stored in a database. This paper provides a condensed version of the full reference model, whose purpose is to provide a basis for the development of standards in data management security and privacy.
Use of rapid prototyping t o develo Multilevel Secure (WS) systems requires that security [e included in the rapid prototyping process. The literature shows some examples of rapid prototyping applied to secure components. However little uidance is available for using a rapid prototypk to devt$op an MLS system consisting of multi le components, that can be accrehited in the D 8 D environment.A methodology ,is proposed for including securit in the rapid prototypmg process. In this, methodoigy assurance that security has been correctly incorporated. 1; provided by four foundation documents: the security concept of operations, the. security p l i c y the security architecture, and the certification an , accrkditation ,plan This methodology increases the probability of rapid prototype without serious security shortfalf?ducing a
INTRODUCTIONStudies predicted that rapid prototyping would be a useful tool in the development of some Department of Defense (DOD) systems 111. Practice has shown that the benefits of rapid prototyping include reducing the overall cost and duration of the systems development process. This paper describes a situation where rapid prototyping of unclassified and classified system high systems has been so successful that the organization is now using rapid prototyping for implementation of a Multilevel Secure (MLS) system.
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