RESUMORealizou-se um levantamento da diversidade das plantas de usos medicinais na flora do Cariri Paraibano, Brasil. Foram registrados os usos etnomedicinais de 70 espécies, pertencentes a 59 gêneros e 32 famílias. Destas, 17 famílias estão representadas por apenas uma espécie, correspondendo a 53% do total. As famílias com maior número de espécies são Fabaceae s. l., (12 espécies), Solanaceae (seis), Euphorbiaceae (cinco), Asteraceae (quatro) e Bromeliaceae e Convolvulaceae, ambas com três espécies cada. A diversidade florística obtida neste levantamento está representada principalmente por espécies de Angiospermas e apenas Selaginella convoluta Spreng, pertence ao grupo das Pteridófitas. Cerca de 60 espécies, que correspondem a 86%, foram referidas para mais de uma doença e outras 10 para apenas um uso. Dentre as espécies com mais de um uso, destaca-se Amburana cearensis (Allemão)A.C.Sm., referida para mais de cinco usos medicinais. A maioria das plantas comercializadas e empregadas com fins medicinais é constituída de espécies nativas. Os raizeiros e vendedores possuem considerável conhecimento das plantas medicinais e seus usos para uma ampla diversidade de doenças, principalmente, pela experiência adquirida de gerações anteriores. Palavras-chave: Caatinga, Cariri da Paraíba, etnomedicina, plantas medicinais, saber local. ABSTRACT SYNOPSIS OF THE MEDICINAL FLORA OF "CARIRI PARAIBANO".A survey on the diversity of medicinal plants in the flora of the "Cariri Paraibano", Brazil, has been made. 70 plant species belonging to 59 genera and 32 families were recorded by their use in the popular medicine in the study area. Of these, seventeen families are represented by only one species, which correspond to about 53% of the total. The families with highest number of species are Fabaceae s. l. (12 species), Solanaceae (six species), Euphorbiaceae (five species), Asteraceae (four species), and Bromeliaceae and Convolvulaceae, both with three species each. The floristic diversity found in this survey is dominated by Angiosperms and only one species, Selaginella convoluta Spreng, belongs to the Pteridophytes group. About 60 species, corresponding to 86%, were indicated for more than one disease and ten species for only one. Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm. was indicated for more than five ethnomedicinal uses. The majority of commercialized plants used as medicinal is represented by native species. The "raizeiros" and vendors of medicinal plants have considerable knowledge about them as well as their uses for a wide diversity of diseases, which were obtained mainly from previous generations.
Abstract:In this work, a morpho-anatomical study of the leaves, stems and roots of Solanum torvum Sw. was performed with the objective of providing a macroscopical and microscopical morphodiagnosis for its characterization. The species is popularly called "jurubeba-branca" in the Northeastern Brazil and is used in folk medicine to treat liver diseases, tuberculosis, and as antianemic. Anatomical studies were done by paradermic sections of the leaf blade (adaxial and abaxial surfaces), and cross sections of leaves (blade and petiole), stems and roots. The sections were clarified and stained with safranin and/ or astrablue, observed and photographed on light microscope. Histochemical tests were carried out in cross sections of leaves, stems and roots and assayed for specific reagents. The leaves are chartaceous, ovate to elliptic, with lobed margins, oblique at the base. The leaf is amphistomatic with anisocytic and anomocytic stomata simultaneously, and the epidermal cells, in face view, have anticlinal walls sinuate on the upper surface and wavy on the lower surface. The mesophyll is dorsiventral; the midrib has a central bicollateral vascular bundle; and the petiole has three or fourone. The stem shows external phloem, xylem, internal phloem and a parenchymatic pith. The root is axial and striate longitudinally and the secondary xylem is a massive cylinder. The macroscopical and microscopical vegetative characters constitute a set of diagnostic parameters to the studied species.
In this work the leaf anatomy of three species of Ficus section Americanae (Miq.) Miq. from Brazil, whose leaves and latex are used in folk medicine is reported. The work was carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy in order to characterize these species and to evaluate their taxonomic significance, and also contribute to the quality control of their ethnodrugs. The three species (Ficus cyclophylla, Ficus elliotiana, and Ficus caatingae) showed hypostomatic leaves, anomocytic stomata, straight epidermal cell outlines, and a dorsiventral mesophyll. Some micro-morphological characters such as density and distribution of epicuticular waxes, glandular trichomes, the length and width of stomata, as well as the palisade of mesophyll and petiole outlines proved to be the most useful and distinctive characters for the separation of species. These may contribute as additional support for the taxonomy of the section and for the quality control of their ethnodrugs.
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