АннотацияЦелью исследования было изучение накопления углеводородов в мышцах и печени густеры дельты Волги. Произведено определение содержания углеводородов методом инфракрасной спектрофотометрии. Уменьшение среднегодовых значений содержания углеводородов в печени наблюдалось с 2014 по 2016 годы. В последующем содержание углеводородов в печени густеры увеличивалось. Показана тенденция уменьшения накопления углеводородов в мышцах исследованных рыб за рассматриваемый временной интервал. Содержание углеводородов в печени густеры в среднем в два раза превышает содержание в мышцах. Отмечено накопление углеводородов от лета к осени при содержании их в печени не менее 82,3 мг/кг. AbstractThe aim of the investigation was to study the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the muscles and liver of the Volga Delta white bream. The method of infrared spectrophotometry was used. The average annual content of hydrocarbons in the liver decreased from 2014 to 2016. Further, the content of hydrocarbons in the liver of white bream increased. The tendency to reduce the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the muscles of the studied fish was established. The content of hydrocarbons in the white bream's liver on average twice as much as in the muscles. The accumulation of hydrocarbons from summer to autumn was noted with their content in the liver not less than 82.3 mg/kg. Ключевые слова: углеводороды; мышцы; печень; накопление.
The intense anthropological impact on the ecosystems makes it necessary to monitor the state of populations of different fish species from different points of view. Health of aquatic animals, including fish, is an informative indicator of the quality of the environment, since physical and chemical changes in water, if they go beyond the optimum, cause definite reactions in the fish body. There are summarized the results of studying the kidneys of cyprinid fish species from the natural habitats of the lower reaches of the Volga and Kigach rivers and the Northern Caspian, as well as those cultivated in pond farms. The detected violations of mesonephros were described depending on localization of the pathological process. It has been shown that pathological changes are found in all structures of the kidney: in the interstitial, renal corpuscle, convoluted muscles. A change in the rheological properties of blood, glomerular changes up to atrophy of capillary loops, dystrophic changes in the tubular epithelium were found. An original system for assessing the condition of fish kidneys is proposed. Reactions in the body of hydrobionts are a consequence of the combined effects of environmental factors and natural physiological processes. The changes detected in the organ structure make it possible to assess the environmental impact on fish. Histopathological changes in vital organs, in particular, in mesonephros, are valuable indicators for assessing the consequences of negative environmental influences. Using not only qualitative, but also quantitative characteristics of mesonephros can contribute to introduce the quantitative methods in ecological and morphological studies of fish.
The article focuses on the intensive anthropogenic impact on the aquatic ecosystems, which makes it necessary to monitor the populations of different fish species. The method of mor-phophysiological indicators was used to study the kidneys of silver bream in different water bodies of the Volga Delta. The morphometric characteristics of the kidneys of silver bream are presented. It is shown that the reactions of organs and body systems are caused by the environmental impact on the living organisms, which results, in particular, in the pathological changes in the fish body. Reactions in the body of fish are the result of a combined effect of environmental factors and natural physiological processes related to feeding, migrations, generative cycles, etc. The detected changes in the organ structure make it possible to assess the impact of the environment on fish. The seasonal and sexual variability of the indices of the mesonephros of silver bream from the Volga Delta is shown. Analysis of the kidneys of fish from two water bodies showed the variability of kidney mass due to the anthropogenic load on the water body, in particular, an increase in the kidney index in silver bream Blicca bjoerkna was registered in the ecosystem with an increased toxic load. It has been stated that the increase in the relative mass of mesonephros was caused by the changes in the organ. Changes were detected both in the intratubular tissue, and in the convoluted tubules and renal capsules. The study helped to find the differences in the relative weight and structure of the kidneys of silver bream, which lives in the water bodies with different anthropogenic load. A real increase of the kidney index was found in fish from the water body with a higher level of anthropogenic impact.
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