This work was set out to measure the responsiveness of foreign reserves to exchange rate variables with a focus on the Nigerian economy. Foreign reserve was used as a dependent variable and all the exchange rate related variables used as independent variables. Time series data spanning 1996 to 2016 was used. A combined use of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and correlation matrix were employed. It was found that a positively significant relationship exists between real exchange rate and reserves with nominal exchange rate sharing a positive but nonsignificant relationship with foreign reserves. This makes a case for proper policy direction in the management of exchange rate in a manner that produces the best economic results for the Nigerian economy. The results are considered useful for economies in the shape of Nigeria for generalization and policy direction in the management of foreign reserve and its interface with exchange rate and its related factors. . Contribution/Originality:This study contributes to the existing literature by uncoupling exchange rate into nominal and real in measuring the nexus with foreign reserves. This study uses new estimation methodology which is the ARDL approach unlike prior studies that used OLS predominantly. The paper contributes the first logical analysis by carrying out pre-test, estimation proper and diagnostic analyses. The paper's primary contribution is that it exposes the fact that a nexus exists between foreign reserves and changes in exchange rate.

This study investigates the co-integrating and causal link between energy consumption and economic growth in three economic sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, and service sectors in Nigeria. Through the multivariate framework and quarterly data from 2000Q 1 -2018Q 4 . The ARDL bounds test approach, and Error Correction Model are the key techniques of analysis, and the Clemente-Montanes-Reyes unit root approach for structural breaks in the series. Findings revealed estimated billing system, and energy demand-supply gap as factors negatively influencing energy distribution and consumption in various sectors of the economy. The results also revealed a co-integrating relationship between economic growth and sectorial value creation. The results also revealed a bidirectional causality between liquefied natural gas and energy consumption and a unidirectional causality between economic growth and petroleum oil consumption. On the contrary, there is a non-causal relationship between the service and agricultural sectors. Sufficient energy distribution and consumption stir economic growth through value additions in the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors. The study recommends a review of the billing system, pricing framework, and policies to support, value creation, and addiction in Nigeria.

Purpose of study: This study examines security expenditure as an economically contributive or a non-contributive expenditure on human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. Methodology: Adopting the ARDL bounds test and Error Correction Model (ECM) on quarterly time-series data from January 2010-December 2018. Result: The findings and results indicate that security expenditure is economically a contributive expenditure. In the long-run a positive and significant impact on economic growth and human capital development, in the shot-run a negative relationship. The ECM model conveyed the speed of convergence from disequilibrium in the short-run back to long-run equilibrium by 86% quarterly. Implication/Application: The finding and results have critical implications for the government and policymakers, protection of life, properties, economic, and business assets positively stimulate economic growth. A unit increase in government expenditure on human capital development decreases insecurity and increase economic growth. Novelty/Originality of this study: Previous studies conducted globally and in Nigeria reported diverse results on the co-integrating relationship between security expenditure and economic growth, using diverse variables and annualized time series data predominantly. This study differs from the previous studies to adopt quarterly time-series data, the ARDL, and the ECM models as the major techniques of analysis along with a battery of pre-test and diagnostic tests.

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Financial firms' services are considered germane to an economy's expansion universally. 2015-2016 economic and financial in Nigeria can be accredited to the hollowness of the financial firm contracting the economy by 2.06%, 63.7% market capitalization, and 67.2% in all share indexes losses. Prior empirical techniques focus primarily on finance-growth linear nexus. Which begs the question is the reported linear nexus a function of the linear assumption test power or earth evidence? The baseline ARDL and NARDL techniques are used in this research. To observe if there is a possibility of a non-linear association, for structural breaks, the Zivot and Andrews tests were used, as well as Granger causality to test for causality. From 1999Q1-2019Q4, quarterly data from the three arms of financial firms "insurance, banking, and stock market" were used. Findings revealed that economic growth adjusts non-linearly at a faster pace. A variety of macro-non-macroeconomic and financial factors can be implicated in the non-linear adjustment. A bi-directional link between the variables was revealed by causal nexus.