Research on the covid-19 pandemic, conducted to date, has clearly shown its negative impact on entrepreneurs. However, there are few relevant studies on the resilience of these entrepreneurs. Even economic stimulus packages developed by governments ignore collective intelligence, which is seen as an appropriate posture and path that can lead to the resilience of entrepreneurs in unpredictable situations. Thanks to the theoretical anchoring of collaborative management, we have developed and tested a conceptual model through the approach of deconstructing collective intelligence into (i) the sharing of capacities (ii) mutual aid (iii) collective competence and (iv) dynamic capacity. The data production was carried out through 15 semi-structured interviews and 282 surveys of Cameroonian and Chadian entrepreneurs. The results showed that mutual support (β = 0.32) and ability to share (β = 0.29) are indirectly the best predictors of economic and strategic entrepreneurial resilience. Because they participate effectively in building the collective competence of entrepreneurs in a context of crisis. This collective competence positively generates the level of variation in economic resilience (β = 0.38) and that of strategic resilience (β = 0.36). These results are the manifestation that covid-19 is boosting social dialogue between entrepreneurs. On the other hand, dynamic capacity appears less effective for the entrepreneurial economic resilience (β = 0.04) and strategic entrepreneurial resilience (β = 0.02) of the entrepreneurs studied due to the measures to combat covid-19. These findings contrast with previous research focused on entrepreneurial resilience through collective intelligence. They lead us to stress the importance of continuing research on the subject and to draw comparisons between entrepreneurs in crisis situations and those working in a stable ecosystem. The article is useful for researchers who find proven evidence that is more relevant. Then entrepreneurs will find new factors to make their entrepreneurial project viable. Finally, governments and their partners are urged to further promote entrepreneurship education based on dynamic capacity at the expense of confrontation and selfishness. Our article is part of the theory of collaborative management and organizational theory and reveals the existence of a relational contingency in the different stages of the entrepreneurial resilience process.

Les études sur le capital humain, menées jusqu’à présent, ont bien révélé son importance pour les organisations. Cependant, sa construction en milieu de travail demeure peu explorée. Même les recherches sur son modèle sont peu nombreuses. Pour comprendre les variables à prioriser, une étude auprès des praticiens et théoriciens tchadiens de GRH a été réalisée. Nous avons appliqué la méthodologie mixte. La production des données a été réalisée au moyen de 11 entrevues semi-structurées et 178 sondages par enquête. L’approche de déconstruction par étape du processus de construction du capital humain, de l’accueil à la permanence, a été utilisée. Les résultats ont montré qu’à l’étape d’accueil du capital humain en milieu organisationnel, les pratiques d’encadrement favorisent les compétences pour exécuter, de façon structurée, les tâches. Ensuite, à l’étape d’intégration, les pratiques d’encadrement et les investissements en formation sont deux leviers d’efficacité. Enfin, à la phase de permanence, nous avons constaté un apport indéniable des investissements en formation, mais ce sont surtout des occasions d’expérience et l’environnement agile qui favorisent la construction de meilleurs talents, en milieu du travail. L’article est utile pour les chercheurs qui trouveront une définition renouvelée du capital humain avec de nouvelles variables et items éprouvés et qui se révèlent plus pertinents. Tandis que les gestionnaires et les consultants trouveront de nouvelles variables permettant de bonifier et valoriser efficacement le capital humain en milieu de travail. Le présent article s’inscrit dans la théorie des ressources et la théorie des compétences [...]

The research on intellectual capital carried out so far for the academic entrepreneurial development is few but has clearly shown its importance. However, the overall contribution of intellectual capital to the performance of academic entrepreneurial projects of both technologies, social and environmental or university spin-offs remains little studied. Even studies carried out on this subject, often, focus only on a single component and favor, for the most part, the quantitative approach. This posture does not allow us to understand which of the three components of intellectual capital is the best predictor of academic entrepreneurial performance. Thus, the results of these previous studies provide little information on how to increase entrepreneurship by mobilizing intellectual capital. To fill these gray areas and facilitate an understanding of the causal link between intellectual capital and academic entrepreneurial performance, a semi-structured interview of eleven entrepreneurs and a survey of 278 researchers and students from four Chadian universities were conducted. The research process was mixed. We used an approach that focused on both economic/financial entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship (which is part of the obligations of Chadian universities) and societal/environmental entrepreneurship. During data production, we have put forward the criterion of participation of the actor (researcher-student-practitioner) in the various phases of activities in the process of implementation of entrepreneurship. Our results have shown that human capital (R 2 = 0.21) and relational capital (R 2 = 0.29) are the best predictors of academic entrepreneurial performance. It is mainly relational capital that contributes mainly (b = 31%) academic entrepreneurial performance. These results are explained by the fact that human capital and relational capital are deployed for the purposes of creativity, contact, creation of business networks, etc., while structural capital plays an essential role in the credibility and influence of universities. Finally, it is the combination of the three components of intellectual capital that plays a decisive role (R 2 = 0.85) in achieving academic entrepreneurial performance. Thus, universities are invited to revitalize their network of actors, to promote collaborative research, to advocate the agile approach and to enrich their human capital so that it fulfills its mission as an open innovation subject, without neglecting their capital structure for its undeniable support role.

Frugal innovation is a key lever to meet the needs of low-income consumers. Its real challenge is to introduce something new (innovate) to the market while minimizing (frugal) resource constraints. The phenomenon of innovation frugality has traditionally been studied in relation to emerging and developing countries. Today, several studies point out that frugal innovation is also practiced in advanced economies. Although the studies are of great interest to many, they have not been able to identify the concept or map the approach. Therefore, we do not know (i) how the frugal innovation approach developed during the period from 2010 to 2018 (ii) What is the mapping of the phenomenon of frugal innovation? (iii) What are the relevant areas of research during this period? And finally (iv) what are the areas and opportunities for future research? To answer these questions, we first conducted a systematic review of the literature by analyzing 106 articles published from 2010 to 2018. Second, we conducted an interview with 61 respondents made up of researchers, experts, and practitioners to validate the main research gaps identified and identify themes relevant for future research. The results of the research show that researchers affiliated with universities and institutes in the UK, India and both countries are in the majority and have been instrumental in research on frugal innovation management. Similarly, it appears from the above that several products resulting from frugal innovation come from India and China. In addition, our results indicate that articles on frugal innovation are published in a wide range of disciplines and journals. However, researchers, experts and practitioners perceive the concept of frugal innovation in different ways. As a result, studies on frugal innovation focus on sectors such as health, electricity, electronics, transport, finance, ICT, and energy. On the other hand, despite their great importance, the agriculture and education sectors are little explored. The results of the research call on actors to further explore the housing, agriculture, education, and energy sectors in emerging and developing countries.

Notre article améliore la compréhension du pouvoir explicatif de l’intelligence collective sur la résilience entrepreneuriale, grâce à l’ancrage du management collaboratif. Notre objectif consiste à proposer un modèle de résilience entrepreneuriale en contexte de Covid-19 afin de contribuer efficacement à la relance économique. La collecte des données a été réalisée au moyen de 15 entrevues et 282 enquêtes par sondage auprès des entrepreneurs résilients camerounais et tchadiens. Nos principaux résultats montrent que l’intelligence collective, via ses principales composantes, est une posture et un moyen privilégié qui accroît la résilience entrepreneuriale économique et stratégique à l’ère incertaine, ceci s’explique par le fait que les entrepreneurs qui survivent durant la Covid-19 font recours aux réseaux d’affaires, aux capacités dynamiques et aux élans de solidarité. De ce fait, les entrepreneurs procéderaient à l’instrumentation des constituantes de l’intelligence collective afin d’assurer leur résilience.