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This article analyses the intrahousehold allocation of time in households headed by heterosexual couples to show gender differences in childcare in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Using data for the five sample countries from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP; 1994-2001) and the framework of a general efficiency approach, each parent's hours spent on childcare are regressed against individual and household characteristics. Empirical results show a clear inequality in childcare between fathers and mothers, with this disparity being more evident in Mediterranean countries. Panel data estimates reveal that, in general, caring tasks are mainly influenced by the presence of young children in the household, by the total nonlabor income, and by the ratio of mothers' nonlabor income to family's nonlabor income, with this latter variable exhibiting different behavior across genders and across countries.Childcare, gender differences, intrahousehold allocation, time use, JEL Codes: D13, J22, C33,

Fixed-effects estimation, Motherhood wage penalty, Spain,

No abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyse the relationship between the proportion of women working in an occupation and the prestige assigned to that occupation. Based on a representative sample of Spanish employees from the Spanish Quality of Work Life Survey, pooled-sample data (2007-2010) are used to show that occupations with larger shares of women present lower prestige, controlling for a set of objective individual and work-related variables, and self-assessed indicators of working conditions. Save for the male-dominated occupations (less than 20% women), the relationship between female share and occupational prestige is linear and negative, providing partial support to the devaluation theory. The results hold even after passing a battery of robustness checks.