Mexico is considered to be a diversification center for the chili species, but at the same time, these crops have been susceptible to infection by pathogens, such as Colletotrichum, which causes anthracnose diseases and postharvest decay in general. Different studies have been carried out with isolated strains of Colletotrichum in Capsicum plants, however, under growing conditions, the microorganisms are interacting with others, which can increase or decrease their infective capacity. This study presents the first report between plant-pathogen interactions and their biochemical responses in phospholipid pathways for C. chinense to microbial consortium with mainly Colletotrichum ignotum pathogen. The results showed morphological changes in the first hours (h) in the presence of the microbial consortium, and high levels of diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were found after 6 h postinoculation (hai). These metabolic changes were correlated with high transcription levels of diacylglycerol-kinase (CchDGKs) expressed for 3, 6 and 12 hai and related to pathogen gene markers, such as CchPR1 and CchPR5. Finally, this study shows how the phospholipase C/DGK (PLC/DGK) pathway offers insight into the microbial infection responses of chili crops with damping-off diseases in the Yucatan.
A method was developed to determine glyphosate and their metabolites in water. The widespread use of this herbicide in agricultural activities worldwide, despite the reported adverse effects on both the environment and health, is a cause for concern and makes it necessary to monitor its presence through a method that guarantees the determination at trace levels. A direct extraction of the analytes with phosphate buffer was performed with subsequent derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The quantification was determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. The method was validated through the following parameters: selectivity, detection and quantification limits, linearity, accuracy, precision and uncertainty. The average recoveries ranged between 94.08 and 103.31%. Additionally, detection limits from 0.396 to 0.433 μg/L, and the quantification limit was 5.0 μg/L for all the analytes evaluated. In terms of linearity and precision, the results obtained were in the ranges considered adequate (R2 ≥ 0.99 and CV ≤ 20%), the estimated expanded uncertainty was 12.95, 11.15 and 13.83% for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate, respectively. This method was successfully applied for the determination of the target analytes in irrigation water samples, detecting concentrations of aminomethylphosphonic acid over limit detection for some sampling sites.
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