A comparative study was carried out on the chemical, structural and thermal properties of candelilla wax from four wax-producing communities in Mexico, which was obtained by two extraction processes, the conventional one using sulfuric acid (SA) and an eco-friendly alternative process using citric acid (CA) as the extracting agent. The waxes were analyzed by basic chemistry (acidity, saponification, ester indexes, and others), color, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman micro-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hardness and brittleness measurements. The waxes obtained by the environmentally friendly process showed differences in their physicochemical properties when compared to waxes from the conventional process. In addition, they showed some improvements, such as lighter shades and harder waxes, suggesting that the new environmentally friendly process is a viable option.
La contaminación del agua con metales pesados representa una problemática para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. El zinc es uno de metales más comunes en la contaminación del agua, que se realiza en una amplia variedad de procesos industriales. La electrodiálisis es una técnica electroquímica utilizada para la eliminación de iones metálicos, en dónde, estos se separan de la solución acuosa mediante un proceso de transporte bajo la influencia de un campo eléctrico. Es una técnica prometedora debido a su alta eficiencia y bajo costo. A medida que la demanda de agua limpia aumenta, la electrodiálisis se convierte en una alternativa atractiva para la eliminación de contaminantes, especialmente en áreas donde los recursos hídricos son escasos o donde los métodos convencionales no son efectivos. En este artículo, se describirá el proceso de electrodiálisis y su aplicación en la remoción de zinc del agua en un efluente sintético.
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