Enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) have been isolated from febrile patients in the Peruvian Amazon Basin at low but consistent levels since the early 1990s. Through a clinic-based febrile surveillance program, we detected an outbreak of VEEV infections in Iquitos, Peru, in the first half of 2006. The majority of these patients resided within urban areas of Iquitos, with no report of recent travel outside the city. To characterize the risk factors for VEEV infection within the city, an antibody prevalence study was carried out in a geographically stratified sample of urban areas of Iquitos. Additionally, entomological surveys were conducted to determine if previously incriminated vectors of enzootic VEEV were present within the city. We found that greater than 23% of Iquitos residents carried neutralizing antibodies against VEEV, with significant associations between increased antibody prevalence and age, occupation, mosquito net use, and overnight travel. Furthermore, potential vector mosquitoes were widely distributed across the city. Our results suggest that while VEEV infection is more common in rural areas, transmission also occurs within urban areas of Iquitos, and that further studies are warranted to identify the precise vectors and reservoirs involved in urban VEEV transmission.
Fecha de recepción: agosto 2006 Fecha de aceptación y versión final: agosto 2006Resumen Al igual que los mundos amazónicos que la componen, diversa y contradictoria -fascinante en su fragilidad a la vez que exuberante en su complejidad-la cuenca amazónica ha sido materia de la investigación social en el dossier de Iconos Nº 25, referido a "La Amazonía en la agenda global". Cuatro artículos diversos, complejos, de diferente escala, alguno que otro contradictorio, siempre en la perspectiva de la integración del espacio amazónico al Estado y al mercado global, por medio de la expansión de fronteras económicas y demográficas, nos aportan su particular comprensión y método de análisis sobre las condiciones e implicaciones de la globalización en la Amazonía del siglo XXI. Nuestro trabajo ubica estos aportes en el debate sobre una Amazonía, caracterizada por ser contemporánea, actual, plural, en transformación y adaptación permanente, pero también postergada, expoliada y olvidada. Identificamos en los textos sus premisas teórico-metodológicas, señalando aquellos elementos que en nuestra opinión merecen un tratamiento posterior. El espacio global, aparece como una categoría de análisis a ser considerada en los estudios amazónicos sobre el tema que nos ocupa.Palabras clave: A m a zonía contemporánea, espacio, fronteras, globalización, estudios amazónicos, s u s t e n t a b i l i d a d Abstract The article comments critically four diverse articles included in "La Amazonía en la agenda global", the dossier of ICONOS No. 25, may 2006. We locate these contributions in the debate about an Amazonian characterized for being contemporary, present, plural, in transformation and permanent adaptation, but also delayed, spoiled and forgotten. We identify in texts its theoretical and methodological premises, and indicate those elements that in our opinion deserve a further treatment. Al last, "global space" appears as an analytical category to be considered in the Amazonian studies.
In this contribution to the American Field and Short-tail crickets, two new species from the continental and insular area of Colombia are described. Anurogryllus (Urogryllus) edithsantosum n. sp. from the Meta department, is more related to some Caribbean species, and its genital structure fits the morphological current definition of the subgenus Urogryllus, although it has pseudepiphallic median lophi covered with hairs, as it happens in the species of the subgenus Pilosogryllus. The same way, Gryllus (Gryllus) providiensis n. sp. from Providencia Island, San Andres Archipelago is described, this new species has thick hairs on the pronotum as Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (widely distributed in America), as well as the color pattern of the cephalic capsule; but the new species is smaller in size, and has a particular organization in the harp veins of the tegmina, which only resembles Gryllus (Gryllus) marchena from the Galapagos Archipelago (Ecuador), from which it differs markedly in its morphology. Finally, the status of the Gryllus species, distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean, is reviewed, and it is recorded which species have acoustic records, and from here we start with the review of this peculiar genus in Latin America.
Andeogryllus n. gen. including two new species from the inter-Andean slopes and valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers of Colombia are described. This new genus is similar to Zebragryllus in their habitus, differed by not have white stripes on the body or antennae and by a modified pseudoepiphallic sclerite. The genus Atsigryllus (Atsigryllae group) is located in the subtribe Anurogryllina, highlighting the secondary reduction of the median lobe. An updated key is provided for the genera of the subtribe Anurogryllina and the species of the new genus.
Purpose of StudyIn Peru, the incidence of malaria has increased dramatically since the early 1990s and Plasmodium vivax remains the predominant species. Although P. vivax does not cause life-threatening disease, it is still a considerable source of morbidity but has been widely understudied. This study was conducted to determine the transmission patterns of P. vivax from naturally infected patients in the Peruvian Amazon to Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes.MethodsThe study was conducted over a period of 14 months from May 2004 to June 2005 and included symptomatic patients with P. vivax malaria from Iquitos, Peru. The widely used artificial membrane feeding method was used to infect mosquitoes. Mosquito midguts were dissected after a week and oocysts were counted by microscopic examination.Summary of ResultsA total of 102 patients with symptomatic P. vivax infection were enrolled in the study. Approximately 50% (50/102) of the patients were febrile, with a temperature of 37.7°C or more. Pallor was noted in 64.7% (66/102) patients. Gametocytemia ranged from 0-106 with a mean of 20.61. A total of 4,017 mosquitoes successfully fed on the blood using the artificial membrane feeding technique, with 2,631 (65%) surviving until the time of midgut dissection. Approximately 50% (52/102) of the patient specimens infected mosquitoes and 23% (602/2,631) of the mosquitoes had at least one reported oocyst. The mean oocyst load per infected midgut was 21.1 with a range of 0-395.ConclusionsThis is the first study of its kind conducted in the Peruvian Amazon. There were 2 important observations: (1) only half of the patients were able to infect mosquitoes and (2) there was substantial variation in the transmission of infection to mosquitoes as measured by oocyst loads and percentage mosquitoes infected. Determining factors that affect transmission (eg, anemia, gametocyte count and maturity, fever, anti-inflammatory medications, antigametocyte antibodies) will help identify alternative interventions that can be used in addition to the current control measures. Patients who are more efficient transmitters can then be targeted first for these interventional methods.
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