Since the discovery of Crude Oil in 1875, the Petroleum Industry has gradually improved in value due to the series of valuable products gotten from crude oil. The significant impact of crude oil as a source of energy has made exportation and importation of this mineral a lucrative business around the world, having turned to be the major source of revenue for most producing countries. Crude oil has contributed to about 80% of Nigerian Government revenue and foreign exchange since 1958, making it a key player in the economic plan of the country. Its importance in Nigeria has made the Legislature introduce lots of policies and laws governing the Oil and Gas business in the country. However, Nigerians with different views over the years have clamored for an improvement of these policies to enable the benefits of Her resources fairly get to the grassroots, producing communities and states while improving foreign investment policies in the country. These demands led to the introduction of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in the year 2000. This research work attempts to review and offer recommendations for improvements to avoid future litigations, violence, conflicts, and industry fragility. This work will also elaborate on different steps taken by the Nigerian Government over the years to implement this bill, challenges faced by the Government and International Oil Companies (IOCs), Government and its citizens, and anomalies seen in the bill up till status quo.
The challenge of data availability for accurately assessing a location's level of corrosivity has lingered for so long and as such, researchers are constantly seeking factors with great influence that can assist in describing how corrosive a location will be toward buried oil and gas infrastructure. Alternative measures are required for making rapid and realistic investment decisions because accumulating these factors to make perfect sense is sometimes time-consuming and expensive. Using MATLAB mathematical computational analysis, this study capitalizes on this gap to build a 3D corrosivity signature and model for Delta state, Nigeria to aid in rapid and realistic investment decision-making. The soil pH and resistivity were identified as key variables that determine the extent of corrosion in this investigation. Vertical Electrical Soundings were utilized to collect soil resistivity data, which was then combined with the soil pH to create a 3D corrosivity signature and model with a 98% R-square factor. During the study, potential limitations were found, and recommendations were made.
In this paper, a refrigeration system using shell and tube evaporator will be converted to a refrigeration system using a plate type evaporator. The performance of the modified system will be evaluated and compared with the performance of the plate type evaporator. A refrigeration system working on a shell and tube evaporator was selected, charged with refrigerant R134a. Temperature and pressure readings were taken at both the inlet and outlet of both the evaporator and condenser unit respectively. The refrigeration system with shell and tube evaporator was then removed and replaced with a plate type evaporator. The system was evacuated, charged with refrigerant and readings were taken at both the inlet and outlet of the evaporator and condenser respectively. Experimental results obtained shows that the refrigeration efficiency of the shell and tube evaporator was 64.33% and that of the plate type evaporator was 85.24%. The result obtained shows that the COP of the refrigerator using the plate type evaporator is higher than that of the refrigerator using the shell and tube evaporator. The refrigeration system working on a plate type evaporator has higher refrigeration capacity and lower compressor work, low liquid hold up, higher surface area than the shell and tube evaporator system.
The oil and gas industry is governed by policies with the aim of smoothening the business relationship between the Government, the International Oil Companies (IOC’s) and the Host communities. Different oil producing countries have their own laws governing petroleum activities and these laws vary from country to country based on the B-PEST factors which are Biological, Political, Environmental, Social and Technology. However, reserve size and oil type can also influence petroleum laws. Countries like Nigeria relies strongly on petroleum bills such as the PIB in which this research will be analyzing the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) which is a significant subset of the PIB. Comparison between the existing PSC of Malaysia and that of Nigeria was captured in this research and the analysis of the PSC was done based on the Government Take, National Oil Company (NOC) and the Contractor’s benefits. 26.67% and 56.58% recovery cost, 28.67% and 26.28% Government revenue, 23.14% and 7.64% NOC share, 21.52% and 9.50% Contractor share of revenue per barrel was arrived at for Malaysia and Nigeria respectively, showing that the Malaysian PSC model yields more income to the country when compared to that of Nigeria without necessarily short-changing the contractors or the IOCs. Finally, the reasons behind these deficits were highlighted and recommendations made to improve the PSC and benefits for all parties to the contractual agreements.
During drilling operations, it is essential to keep the wellbore pressure within the maximum value of the fracture pressure and minimum value of the pore pressure of the formation. To handle this challenge, the fracture pressure of the formation must be known as it is significant to determining the mud window design. This study developed a correlation that could predict the formation fracture pressure in the Niger Delta deep offshore field. Two different fields were considered for this model named Field 1 and 2. From these fields, fracture pressure data were gotten from 21 wells during leak off test (LOT) at different casing shoe depths. While carrying-out the analysis of data, assumptions were made that the formations throughout the Niger Delta basin obeys the principle of horizontality. Also, that the fracture pressure at same depth is uniform with the pressure at other location in the Delta. Scatter plot was used as the tool for the data analysis. A line of best fit was drawn to arrive at the correlation. This correlation has an R2 coefficient values of 0.9969. In conclusion, the correlation gotten from this study for predicting fracture pressure has shown to align with some data sets from the Niger Delta fields with very little variation. This can be used for planning of further drilling operations in the Niger Delta to make it easier, faster and more economical.
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