In 1946, Mao Zedong began to elaborate his theory of the Third World from the perception that there would be an ‘intermediate zone’ of countries between the two superpowers. From there, he concluded that Africa, Latin America, and Asia, except for Japan, would compose the revolutionary forces capable of defeating imperialism, colonialism, and hegemonism. The start of international aid from the People’s Republic of China to developing countries dates back to the period immediately after the Bandung Conference of 1955, extending to the present. Through a bibliographical and documentary analysis, the article starts with the following research question: What role did domestic and international factors play in China’s foreign aid drivers over the years? To answer the question, the evolution of Chinese international assistance was studied from Mao to the Belt and Road Initiative, which is the complete expression of the country’s ‘quaternity’ model of co-operation, combining aid, trade, investment, and technical assistance.
A humilhação nacional como instrumento de construção da identidade e da estabilidade política na China http://dx.======================================================================= Palavras-chave: China, Partido Comunista da China, humilhação nacional, identidade nacional, elites políticas, Poder Nacional Compreensivo.Resumo: A ampliação de políticas econômicas liberais desencadeará na democratização da China. Esse argumento repetido por artigos acadêmicos encontra suas expectativas frustradas diariamente por notícias de recrudescimento do poder do Partido Comunista da China sobre sua sociedade. O artigo analisa a construção da identidade nacional fundada na humilhação nacional como estratégia de difusão da legitimidade da elite política chinesa a partir de uma percepção do nacionalismo como essencial para manutenção da estabilidade do regime. Para isso estuda a formação da identidade nacional, a constituição dos grupos dentro da elite política da China e a elaboração do conceito de Poder Nacional Compreensivo. Abstract: The broadening of liberal economic policies will trigger the democratization of China. This argument repeated in studies finds their expectations thwarted daily by news of the intensification of the power of the Communist Party of China over the society. The paper analyzes the determination of the national identity based on national humiliation as a strategy to disseminate the legitimacy of the Chinese political elite from a perception of nationalism as essential for maintaining the stability of the regime. It studies the formation of national identity, the constitution of groups within the political elite of China, and the elaboration of the Comprehensive National Power concept. Palabras clave:China, Partido Comunista de China, humillación nacional, identidad nacional, elites políticas, Poder Nacional Comprensivo.La humilación nacional como instrumento de construcción de la identidad y de la estabilidad política en China Resumen: La ampliación de políticas económicas liberales desencadenará en la democratización de China. Este argumento repetido por artículos académicos encuentra sus expectativas frustradas diariamente por noticias de recrudecimiento del poder del Partido Comunista de China sobre su sociedad. El artículo analiza la construcción de la identidad nacional fundada en la humillación nacional como estrategia de difusión de la legitimidad de la elite política china a partir de una percepción del nacionalismo como esencial para mantener la estabilidad del régimen. Para ello estudia la formación de la identidad nacional, la constitución de los grupos dentro de la elite política de China y la elaboración del concepto de Poder Nacional Comprensivo.
O texto trata-se de uma resenha do livro "End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival is Undermining its Rise" de Carl Minzner, publicado pela Oxford University Press em 2018. O autor argumenta que as medidas centralizadores adotadas pelo Partido Comunista da China são um sinal de fim da era das reformas e que sabotariam o crescimento chinês.ABSTRACT Recebido em 18 de Abril de 2018 | Aceito em 09 de Maio de 2018.Received on April 18, 2018 | Accepted on May 09, 2018.DOI
The 2006’s Chinese Defense White Paper settled goals for military modernization that would consolidate a force planning strategy aiming long-term results that could make it possible to win local wars under informationized conditions. The combination of policies of dual-use civil-military technology, catch up and absorption of foreign knowledge through joint ventures, China intends to overcome an imitation-based regime and to consolidate a defense industry with indigenous innovation. The paper analyzes how this strategy would reformulate logistic aspects of the Chinese military and promote the development of the fifth largest military industry in the world.
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