This article is a methodological description of a randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov U1111-1181-4455) aiming to evaluate the time-course (monthly) and associations between blood pressure changes and other health-related adaptations in response to exercise training in hypertensive elderly. Methods: The patients will be randomized to a control or combined training group interventions (aerobic and resistance exercise), with monthly assessments in four months. Although, the changes in baseline blood pressure is the primary clinical outcome, the secondary outcomes include: body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, arterial stiffness, baroreceptor sensitivity, cardiovascular autonomic modulation, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, growth factors, tissue remodeling markers, metabolic profile, renal function, cognitive function and quality of life. Results: To support the understanding of the blood pressure changes in hypertensive elderly, a time-course of exercise-induced adaptations including cardiovascular and immunological adaptations are fundamental for research in this field. Conclusion: To investigate the time-course of combined training-induced adaptations including all the diverse aspects of health in hypertensive elderly a well-controlled protocol design is necessary, mainly to clarify the relationship between cardiovascular and immunological exercise-induced adaptations.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre capacidades funcionais e qualidade de vida de idosos sedentários.MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 48 idosos (16 homens e 32 mulheres) sedentários para a pesquisa. As capacidades funcionais avaliadas foram: preensão manual (dinamômetro Jamar), velocidade de marcha (4,6m), teste de agilidade (time up and go –TUG) e o teste de levantar e sentar da cadeira. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada através do questionário WHOQOL-bref, considerando os domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. Foram separados os grupamentos de maior e menor desempenho em cada capacidade funcional através da divisão por grupamentos K. Comparou-se os grupos de melhor e de pior desempenho para todos os domínios de qualidade de vida através do teste Mann-Whitney.RESULTADOS: A força de preensão manual foi significantemente associada à qualidade de vida total (r=0,3). Além disso, os grupos de maior força de preensão manual e maior velocidade no TUG apresentaram maior qualidade de vida.CONCLUSÕES: A força de preensão manual é a principal capacidade funcional diretamente associada à qualidade de vida de idosos. Este achado reforça a importância do treinamento de força muscular em programas voltados à qualidade de vida desta população.

Increases in longevity and obesity have led to a higher prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and several chronic conditions, such as hypertension. The prevalence of MetS and hypertension increases with advancing age and their detrimental effects on health can be attenuated by physical activity. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training (CT) is recommended to maintain good health in older adults and is known to generate important metabolic adaptations. In this study we performed a metabolomics analysis, based on Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), to investigate the kinetics of changes in metabolism in non-physically active older women with MetS in response to 16 weeks of CT. A subset of women with MetS were selected from a larger randomized trial (that included men and women without MetS), with 12 participants on CT and 13 from the Control Group (CG). CT comprised walking/running at 63% of VO2max, three times/week, and resistance training (RT), consisting of 15 repetitions of seven exercises at moderate intensity, twice/week. Serum metabolomic profile was analysed at baseline (0W), 4 (4W), 8 (8W), 12 (12W) and 16 weeks (16W) for CT or CG. Cardiorespiratory fitness, RT load, blood pressure, body composition, lipid and glycaemic profile were also assessed. After 16 weeks CT increased cardiorespiratory fitness (13.1%, p < 0.05) and RT load (from 48% in the lat pulldown to 160% in the leg press, p < 0.05), but there were no changes in MetS parameters, such as body composition (Body Mass, Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage and waist circumference), blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic profile. However, we identified potential higher substrate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (increase in 2-Oxobutyrate from 0W (0.0029 ± 0.0009) to 4W (0.0038 ± 0.0011) and 8W (0.0041 ± 0.0015), p < 0.05), followed by alterations (different from 0W, p < 0.05) in the production of ketone bodies (3-Hydroxybutyrate, 0W (0.0717 ± 0.0377) to 16W (0.0397 ± 0.0331), and Acetoacetate, 0W (0.0441 ± 0.0240) to 16W (0.0239 ± 0.0141)), which together might explain the known improvement in fatty acid oxidation with exercise. There was also a late increase in ornithine at 16W of CT. Further studies are needed to investigate the association between these metabolic pathways and clinical outcomes in this population.

The objective of this study was to investigate how many strength training sessions would be necessary to achieve significant increase in load. A group of 7 men and 14 women over 60 years old were recruited for the survey. The participants underwent combined training (strength and aerobic exercise), with 2 sessions of strength exercise and 3 sessions of aerobic exercise per week during 16 weeks. The strength exercise was composed of 5 exercises for the main muscle groups (knee extension, knee curl, leg press, bench press, high pull), 1 set of 15 repetitions was performed for each exercise. The aerobic exercise consisted of continuous walking/running on a treadmill, at 60% of the VO2 reserve, for 50 minutes. The loads were recorded at each training session. Participants were encouraged to always score between 7 and 8 on the effort perception scale (0 to 10). In the present study we observed that both genders had an increase in the amount of load used. The combined training protocol is capable of increase the load in the strength training in the first 8 training sessions differentianting between exercises and gender.

A prática de treinamento físico influencia o apetite e o paladar de maneira que afeta as escolhas alimentares em indivíduos jovens, geralmente contribuindo para escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis. Os idosos sofrem uma enorme redução no paladar, nos hormônios e nas alterações gastrointestinais, levando também a alterações no apetite. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar os efeitos do treinamento combinado (TC) nas escolhas alimentares dos idosos. Cinquenta e dois indivíduos (> 60 anos) foram randomizados em um grupo de TC (exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos) e um grupo controle (GC); 20 indivíduos no grupo TC e 23 indivíduos no grupo GC. Os participantes estavam fisicamente inativos antes do estudo e completaram a intervenção de 16 semanas. Os participantes responderam ao questionário de frequência alimentar contendo 84 itens, antes e depois das intervenções. Houve diferenças nas frequências alimentares entre os grupos, como maior consumo de manteiga e margarina e menor consumo de peixe e sopa no GC em relação ao TC, que foram mantidos mesmo após 16 semanas. No entanto, o maior consumo de adicionais de óleo e tendencia a menor consumo de chantilly no GC foi o mesmo no TC após 16 semanas. Além disso, houve uma tendência a maior consumo de de frutas (3,47 ± 2,05) e tendencia a menor consumo de salgadinhos fritos e sal adicional nas saladas para TC (0,03 ± 0,03 e 0,63 ± 0,48, respectivamente), em comparação ao GC (2,24 ± 1,04; 0,06 ± 0,05 e 0,89 ± 0,3). Portanto, apesar das tendências sutis de mudanças nos hábitos, o treinamento combinado não alterou efetivamente as escolhas alimentares dos idosos.

One of the most prevalent diseases in the elderly is hypertension, which even when controlled, can also affect the quality of life (QoL) of this population. Habits such as regular exercise can reduce blood pressure at rest, during physical effort and provide other benefits to hypertensive individuals. Resistance and aerobic training, promote complementary health benefits that indirectly increases elderly QoL, being the main ones the increases in strength and aerobic fitness, respectively. Although combined training (CT) (resistance plus aerobic exercises) is recommended for the health of the elderly and hypertensive, but the specifical effect of QoL pattern on hypertensive population is uncertain. Therefore, WHOQOL-bref questionary (containing 26 subjective issues, divided into four domains-physical, psychological, social and environmental) was applied to assess the profile of each individual QoL, pre and post-CT or control period (without exercise). Sexteen weeks of CT increased, the physical and environmental domains of QoL, as well as the total QoL scores different of control group (CG); leading us to conclude it is effective therapy for hipertensive eldelry, therefore we conclude with the present study that the CT protocol for 16-weeks was able to improve the QoL scores.

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