Recently, the field of Metal-Insulator-Transition (MIT) materials has emerged as an unconventional solution for novel energy efficient electronic functions, such as steep slope subthermionic switches, neuromorphic hardware, reconfigurable radiofrequency functions, new types of sensors, terahertz and optoelectronic devices. Employing radiofrequency (RF) electronic circuits with a MIT material like vanadium Dioxide, VO2, requires appropriate characterization tools and fabrication processes. In this work, we develop and use 3D Smith charts for devices and circuits having complex frequency dependences, like the ones resulting using MIT materials. The novel foundation of a 3D Smith chart involves here the geometrical fundamental notions of oriented curvature and variable homothety in order to clarify first theoretical inconsistencies in Foster and Non Foster circuits, where the driving point impedances exhibit mixed clockwise and counter-clockwise frequency dependent (oriented) paths on the Smith chart as frequency increases. We show here the unique visualization capability of a 3D Smith chart, which allows to quantify orientation over variable frequency. The new 3D Smith chart is applied as a joint complex-scalar 3D multi-parameter modelling and characterization environment for reconfigurable RF design exploiting Metal-Insulator-Transition (MIT) materials. We report fabricated inductors with record quality factors using VO2 phase transition to program multiple tuning states, operating in the range 4 GHz to 10 GHz.

Computer vision based indoor localization methods use either an infrastructure of static cameras to track mobile entities (e.g., people, robots) or cameras attached to the mobile entities. Methods in the first category employ object tracking, while the others map images from mobile cameras with images acquired during a configuration stage or extracted from 3D reconstructed models of the space. This paper offers an overview of the computer vision based indoor localization domain, presenting application areas, commercial tools, existing benchmarks, and other reviews. It provides a survey of indoor localization research solutions, proposing a new classification based on the configuration stage (use of known environment data), sensing devices, type of detected elements, and localization method. It groups 70 of the most recent and relevant image based indoor localization methods according to the proposed classification and discusses their advantages and drawbacks. It highlights localization methods that also offer orientation information, as this is required by an increasing number of applications of indoor localization (e.g., augmented reality).

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Abstract-This paper extends the capabilities of the 3-D Smith chart for representing positive and negative differential-phase group delay and the associated loaded resonator quality factor, displayed simultaneously with scattering (S)-parameters. Here, mathematical concepts, inspired from elementary differential geometry and topology, are used to implement 3-D projections. It is shown that a condition for a circuit to exploit negative differential-phase group delay is that its S-parameter winding number should be ≥ 0 (relative to its origin). Finally, exemplar network responses that exhibit both positive and negative differential-phase group delay and loaded resonator quality factor are shown with the 3-D Smith chart. The convenience of being able to simultaneously display a wider range of parameters on one visualization platform, with the 3-D Smith chart, may help to speed-up the design and analysis of microwave circuits by the user.Index Terms-Computer-aided design (CAD), differentialphase group delay, negative group delay (NGD), non-Foster, quality factor, Smith chart.

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This paper analyzes and compares voltage and power wave reflection coefficients using a visual representation which fully exploits that both coefficients are directly related to the geometry of direct inversive transformations in the extended impedance plane. In order to compare the two concepts for complex impedance ports, the 3D Smith chart tool is used in premiere. The paper gives a geometrical and more intuitive insight of these two parameters and proposes a novel tool for handling both types of reflection coefficients.

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