Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum due to several factors, including the price reduction as well as the climate and environmental awareness. This paper reviews the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities. More specifically, an analysis of the worldwide market situation of EVs and their future prospects is carried out. Given that one of the fundamental aspects in EVs is the battery, the paper presents a thorough review of the battery technologies—from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion. Moreover, we review the different standards that are available for EVs charging process, as well as the power control and battery energy management proposals. Finally, we conclude our work by presenting our vision about what is expected in the near future within this field, as well as the research aspects that are still open for both industry and academic communities.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless communication networks which support cooperative driving among vehicles on the road. The specific characteristics of VANETs favor the development of attractive and challenging services and applications which rely on message exchanging among vehicles. These communication capabilities depend directly on the existence of nearby vehicles able to exchange information. Therefore, higher vehicle densities favor the communication among vehicles. However, vehicular communications are also strongly affected by the topology of the map (i.e., wireless signal could be attenuated due to the distance between the sender and receiver, and obstacles usually block signal transmission). In this paper, we study the influence of the roadmap topology and the number of vehicles when accounting for the vehicular communications capabilities, especially in urban scenarios. Additionally, we consider the use of two parameters: the SJ Ratio (SJR) and the Total Distance (TD), as the topology-related factors that better correlate with communications performance. Finally, we propose the use of a new density metric based on the number of vehicles, the complexity of the roadmap, and its maximum capacity. Hence, researchers will be able to accurately characterize the different urban scenarios and better validate their proposals related to cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems based on vehicular communications.

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Resumen-La enseñanza de las asignaturas de Tecnologías de laInformación y Comunicaciones (TICs) enmarcadas en titulaciones de Ciencias Sociales, es de gran importancia y elevada complejidad. Por eso se requiere una metodología de trabajo adecuada, que facilite el correcto aprendizaje por parte de los alumnos. Sin embargo aún es bastante habitual utilizar metodologías de enseñanza basadas en la escuela tradicional, en donde se abusa de clases magistrales, se califica a los alumnos utilizando una única prueba de evaluación final y en caso de realizar algún ejercicio práctico, la única retroalimentación que reciben los alumnos es su calificación numérica, a veces incluso después de realizar los exámenes. En este trabajo se expondrá el uso de una metodología de trabajo innovadora, adaptada al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), basada en la utilización del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos Colaborativos (ABPC) en la que además se ha utilizado como estrategia evaluadora la utilización de rúbricas. Los resultados obtenidos son muy esperanzadores, consiguiendo una participación activa por parte de los alumnos, una reducción del absentismo y los problemas derivados de la disciplina, permitiendo atender a la diversidad y heterogeneidad del alumnado, y lo que es más importante, fomentan el aprendizaje de todo el aula, lo que es altamente satisfactorio e inusual para la actividad académica en educación superior. Palabras clave: ABPC, evaluación, EEES, rúbrica, competenciaAbstract-Information and Communications Technology (ICT) teaching subjects, framed in Social Sciences degrees, is of great importance and high complexity. That is why a proper working methodology is required, which facilitates the correct learning on the part of the students. However, it is still quite common to use teaching methods based on the traditional school, where lectures are abused, students are graded using a single final exam and in the case of some practical exercise, the only feedback students received is their numerical rating, sometimes even after the exams. This work will show the experience of using an innovative work methodology, adapted to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), and based on the use of Collaborative Project-Based Learning (CPBL) together with the innovative strategy of using rubrics. The results obtained are very encouraging, getting an active participation by the students, absenteeism reduction and problems arising from discipline, allowing to attend to the diversity and heterogeneity of the students, and what is more important, to get the whole classroom learning, which is highly satisfactory and unusual for academic activity in higher education Keywords: CPBL, evaluation, EHEA, rubric, competency INTRODUCCIÓNDesde la perspectiva del modelo tradicional de enseñanza, la evaluación es la última etapa del proceso didáctico, etapa en la que se realiza un proceso de selección en base a un conjunto de objetivos y criterios establecidos. El resultado de esta comparación es utilizado para valorar el trabajo de los a...