The debate about the operation of Brazilian political institutions is far from conclusive. It could hardly be different, since current Brazilian democratic regime is only 30 years-old. This article updates a previous one, published in 2000, in which I discuss different and rival interpretations on the functioning of the Brazilian democracy. Some new works argue that a 'dialectic synthesis' of those strands has been recently produced. This article demonstrates this argument is not accurate. Instead, my main argument is that, in spite of rich analyses, new evidences and some displacements, the interpretations and paradigms guiding that debate remain the same. On the other hand, in spite of the solid position of the interpretation sustaining how the Brazilian political system ensures governability, the current institutional debate goes far beyond this paradigm by setting new themes and approaches. To demonstrate this argument, the article presents the evolution of such debate.Keywords: Brazil; political institutions; Brazilian politics; governability.
La comparación de las dos variantes de populismo que proponemos muestra que sólo el peronismo clásico se montó sobre un proceso de constitución de actores sociales, en especialen lo que se refiere a las clases trabajadoras y al sindicalismo. Mientras el peronismo clásico integraba políticamente y acompañaba esta integración con una experiencia subjetiva de ascenso social, el peronismo plebeyo de los Kirchner reproduce las formas de vida de las comunidades que constituyen gran parte de su base socioelectoral. En esta segunda variante del populismo, las dimensiones discursivas e identitarias sonnotoriamente débiles, y sumamente fuertes, en cambio, las dimensiones vinculadas al ejercicio patrimonialista y predatorio del gobierno, al disfrute cleptocrático del poder y a la manipulación de los recursos fiscales. La dinámica del populismo plebeyo está esencialmente desvinculada del mercado de trabajo capitalista en lo que se refiere a sus lazos con los sectores populares. En este sentido, se trata de un populismo centradoen la administración de los pobres. Consiste en una adaptación pragmática y provechosa a las nuevas condiciones sociales dadas por la pobreza estructural.
Background The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into a global pandemic. Systems of care have been reorganized worldwide in an effort to preserve hospital bed capacity. In France, from March 17 to May 11 2020, government imposed a complete lockdown on the whole population. Only urgent cardiac procedures have been ensured such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) revascularization. Some previously published studies suggest a reduction of admission for STEMI in many countries. Nevertheless, strong evidences and data across different French regions that have been affected variously by the outbreak are still lacking. Purpose We aimed to describe the incidence rates and characteristics of patients presenting with STEMI in order to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on STEMI care in France covering the lockdown period compared to same period one year ago. Methods We performed a retrospective multicenter registry across 60 French interventional cardiology centers including all consecutive STEMI patients referred for urgent revascularization in the heart catheterization laboratory between two periods: March 1 st to May 31th 2020 compared with March 1 st to May 31th 2019. Comprehensive data, including clinical, biological, COVID status and angiographic variables including time taken for care were recorded at admission. The primary outcome was a composite of invasive mechanical ventilation support or in-hospital death. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of myocardial infarction related complications during hospitalization. Enrollement is not complete at the time of the abstract submission. Conclusion This data collection between two periods with and without COVID19 will gave insights for a complete descriptive cartography of STEMI patients among different French regions which have been variously impacted by the outbreak.
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