Resumen: El presente estudio tiene como principal objetivo analizar el papel diferencial de la crianza (apoyo y comunicación versus control), de variables funcionales del desarrollo (empatía y mecanismos de afrontamiento funcionales) y las variables disfuncionales (inestabilidad emocional y afrontamiento improductivo) en la victimización ocurrida en el entorno escolar, o por el contrario, con el apego entre pares. Participaron en el estudio 418 alumnos, 224 chicas y 194 chicos adolescentes, entre 13 y 14 años, escolarizados en los niveles de 3º y 4º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Para analizar estas relaciones se llevó a cabo un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales EQS. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los estilos de crianza de apoyo y comunicación versus control negativo están directamente relacionados con las variables funcionales y disfuncionales del desarrollo. El control negativo aparece relacionado con la victimización. A su vez, las variables funcionales están directamente relacionadas tanto con la victimización como con el apego, mientras que las variables disfuncionales solo alcanzan una correlación significativa con la victimización. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones. Palabras clave: Victimización; estilos de crianza; empatía; inestabilidad emocional; mecanismos de afrontamiento. Results shows that parenting styles of affect and communication versus negative control are both directly related to functional and dysfunctional developmental variables. Negative control is also directly related to the school victimization. Also, functional variables are directly related to the school victimization and peer attachment, while dysfunctional variables only are related to school victimization. Finally, results and their possible implications are discussed. Keywords: Victimization; peer attachment; parenting styles; empathy; emotional instability; coping styles. 1*) IntroducciónEn la adolescencia las relaciones sociales con los compañe-ros adquieren una especial importancia por la relevancia que tienen para el adolescente y también por el impacto que estas relaciones tienen en el ajuste psicosocial de la persona. En el contexto escolar la aceptación o rechazo social por los iguales están relacionados con un mayor o menor equilibrio emocional y en general con la adaptación de los adolescentes.La violencia perturba la convivencia y tiene importantes consecuencias negativas para la salud y el ajuste psicosocial de los menores (Cerezo, 2009;Garaigordobil y Oñaderra, 2010a). En concreto, el bullying es una forma de conducta agresiva, intencionada y perjudicial, cuyos protagonistas son jóvenes escolares; es además una conducta persistente. La mayoría de los agresores actúan motivados por un deseo de poder, de intimidar y dominar (Cerezo, 2006). En esta díada agresor -víctima, la víctima está indefensa, sin posibilidad de respuesta ni apoyos. Es, como algunos investigadores en el tema han señalado, un juego perverso de dominio-sumisión que cuando se mantiene de forma prolon...

Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. Structural equations modeling (SEM) was employed to explore a two-wave longitudinal model. The results show that femininity relates to reactive aggression through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. This way, both emotional self-efficacy and emotional regulation mediate the relation between femininity and reactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive and proactive aggression relate positively and directly to masculinity and negatively to femininity. Therefore, violence prevention programs with adolescents should incorporate information to break down gender stereotypes and promote strategies to manage emotions. Such efforts may be helpful to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence.

In Spain, a large number of adolescents aged over 14 years have at some time consumed a psychoactive substance such as alcohol (79%), tobacco (38.4%), prescribed or non-prescribed sedatives (16%), cannabis (29%), cocaine (3.5%), ecstasy (0.9%), hallucinogens (1.2%), heroin (0.6%), ketamine, spice, or similar (4%). Three in ten students have reported drug use or polydrug use in the last month, with 40.3% consuming one substance, 16.2% consuming two substances, 12.3% consuming three substances, and 2.6% consuming four or more substances (Observatorio Español de la Droga y las Toxicomanías, 2016). These figures highlight the need to analyze this phenomenon for two main reasons. First, substance use increases in adolescence (Negriff & Trickett, 2012), particularly middle adolescence (Hartz et al., 2012). Second, this use can have a neurological impact during this stage of development (Koskinen et al.

Studies of the Spanish adolescent population has concluded that victimization is related to lack of emotional regulation and impulse control. Therefore, if a victim is unable to recognize, understand and regulate their emotions, this can result in rejection by their peers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine regulatory emotional self-efficacy as a possible mediator in the association between peer and parents attachment and victimization. Adolescents (n = 563) completed Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy, Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment and Kid at School questionnaires. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to predict a latent variable of victimization with parents and peer attachment, emphasizing the mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy, as comprised by a positive and a negative aspect. Results showed that peer attachment had an indirect negative effect, through perceived self-efficacy, in managing a positive effect in victimization, while father attachment had an indirect negative affect, through perceived self-efficacy, in managing a negative affect in victimization, and Mother attachment had no statistically significant indirect effect in victimization. This study suggests that the roles of parents and peers, and also between mothers and fathers, are different in relation to the perception of victimization of adolescents. Findings provide relevant information regarding implications for prevention and intervention in victimization.

In the context of inclusive schools, social-emotional learning encourages student involvement in classroom life and is related to a decrease in maladaptive behaviour. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of a social-emotional education program on aggressiveness and emotional instability in childhood. Participants were 555 children aged 7 to 12 years (M=9.2 and SD=1.5), 55.5% boys and 45.5% girls. The children were students of primary education at six public schools in Valencia (Spain). The sample was distributed into an experimental group (317 children; 57.2% of the total participating population) and a control group (238 children). The teachers of the experimental group received training to implement the program in class. The teachers of the control group received no training and did not apply the program. The results in the pre-test and posttest phases in both groups are analysed. In the pretest phase, significant differences appeared between the groups: the experimental group showed higher levels of aggressiveness and emotional instability than the control group. In the post-test phase, aggressiveness and emotional instability decreased significantly in the experimental group (medium-high effect size), whilst aggressiveness and emotional instability increased in the control group. The effects of the program on the students are discussed further. En el marco de la escuela inclusiva, el aprendizaje socioemocional y personalizado fomenta la implicación del alumnado en la vida del aula y se relaciona con la disminución de la conducta desadaptativa. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de un programa de educación socioemocional en la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en la infancia. Han participado 555 niños/as de 7 a 12 años (M=9,2 y DT=1,5), 55,5% niños y 45,5% niñas. Estudian Educación Primaria en seis colegios públicos del área metropolitana de Valencia (España). La muestra se ha distribuido en un grupo experimental (317 niños/as; 57,2% de la población total participante) y un grupo control (238 niños/as; 42,8% del total). El profesorado del grupo experimental recibió formación para implementar el programa en clase. El profesorado del grupo control no recibió formación ni aplicó el programa. Se analizan los resultados en la fase pretest y postest en ambos grupos. En la fase pretest, aparecen diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos: el grupo experimental muestra niveles más altos en agresividad e inestabilidad emocional que el grupo control. En la fase postest bajan significativamente la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en el grupo experimental, con un tamaño del efecto medio-alto; mientras que en el grupo control suben la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional. Se discuten los efectos del programa en el alumnado.