The aim of the present paper was to test the cross cultural validity of the Positivity Scale (P Scale), a new questionnaire designed for the measurement of positivity (i.e., general tendency to evaluate self, life, and future in a positive way). Participants (N 3544) from Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, and Serbia answered eight items of the P Scale and responded to items from other well validated measures. Confirmatory Fac tor Analysis supported the assumed one factor structure of the P Scale and demonstrated its gender invariance in each country and cross cultural validity. Correlation analyses revealed significant and posi tive associations of the P Scale with self esteem, life satisfaction, optimism, and a latent factor variable of positivity, and a negative relation to depression. The findings provided support for the convergent validity of the P Scale across countries. Possible applications of the P Scale are suggested. Implications for further research on conditions and outcomes of positivity in different cultural contexts are discussed.
This work is concerned with a study of chalcogenide glasses doped with the rare-earth element erbium. The study was carried out on samples of the quasibinary system As 2 S 3 − GeS 2 doped with erbium at the concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 at%. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of particular structural units in the glass matrix. The spectra of all the samples are characterized by an intense peak appearing as a consequence of the stretching of the As-S and Ge-S bonds. Further, several low-intensity peaks of different origin were also registered. These peaks arise due to the stretching of the bonds in the ring S 8 and the bonds resulting from the existence of the ethane-type molecules (GeS n ) in some of the samples. The peaks in the spectrum of the sample with the highest erbium content are characterized by the peaks that can be attributed to the stretching of the bond Er-S.
The paper presents the measurement results of optical amplifying characteristics of Er-doped As-S-Ge chalcogenide glasses. The measurements included the amplification of useful laser source power during propagation along two axes of samples. A fluorescence maximum at the wavelengths between 1500 nm and 1540 nm was identified, which corresponds to the transition of electrons from the 4I13/2 level to the 4I15/2 level within the 4f shell of Erbium ions (Er3+). Measuring the signal strength showed that the passage through the erbium doped chalcogenid glass amplification of the useful signal occurs and this increase is proportional to the length of propagation through the doped glass
Sažetak:Upotreba duvana i izloženost duvanskom dimu predstavlja opasnost za mlade osobe koje pušačko iskustvo ne povezuju sa zavisnošću, a pušačke navike roditelja prihvataju kao normalno i očekivano ponašanje. Cilj ove studije jeste da se utvrdi kolika je učestalost pušenja cigareta među decom viših razreda osnovnih škola na teritoriji opštine Inđija, te uticaj porodice na započinjanje pušenja i informisanost dece o štetnosti duvanskog dima. Istraživanje je dizajnirano kao studija preseka, sprovedeno februara i marta 2014. godine među decom viših razreda tri osnovne škole. Podaci su prikupljeni modifikovanom formom upitnika Global Youth Tobacco Survey. U studiji je učestvovalo 839 ispitanika, uzrasta 10-15 godina, 53,4% muškog i 46,6% ženskog pola. Ukupno 7,5 % ispitanika su probali cigarete, sa statistički značajnom razlikom među ispitanicima muškog (66,7%) i ženskog pola (33,3%). Značajan broj ispitanika probao je cigarete pod uticajem članova porodice (31,7%). Pušenje cigareta je nastavilo 3,82 %, a od ukupnog broja ispitanika, 66% je izloženo duvanskom dimu u porodičnoj kući. O štetnom dejstvu duvanskog dima 41,2% adolescenata je saznalo od članova porodice. Prevalenca pušenja u uzrastu 10-15 g. na teritoriji opštine Inđija manja je u odnosu na rezultate ranije sprovedenih istraživanja na teritoriji Srbije. Preventivne mere koje obuhvataju populaciju dece treba da su redovne, organizovane i da uključuju individualni i grupni rad sa decom što bi u kontinuitetu dovelo do unapređenja zdravlja i smanjenja bolesti. Ključne reči: pušenje, adolescenti, izloženost duvanskom dimu. Summary:Tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke is a threat to young people, who do not associate the experience of smoking with addiction and smoking habits of their parents accept as normal and expected behaviour. The aim of the research was to study the prevalence of cigarette smoking among children in higher grades of elementary schools in the municipality of Indjija as well as the family influence on their start of cigarette smoking and on their knowledge of tobacco threats. The research, in the form of cross-sectional study, was conducted among the pupils of higher grades of three elementary schools, during February and March 2014. Data collection was done by a modified form of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. The study comprised 839 patients, aging 10-15, 53.4% male and 46.6% female. 7.5% of examinees had tried cigarettes, with a statistically significant difference among males (66.7%) and females (33.3%). A large number of the examinees tried a cigarette under the influence of family members (31.7%). 3.82% of the examinees continued cigarette smoking and 66% of them were exposed to tobacco smoke at their homes. 41.2% of the adolescents learned about the harmful effects of tobacco from their family members. The prevalence of smoking in the group 10-15 years of age in Indjija was lower as compared to the results of an earlier research conducted in the territory of Serbia. Preventive measures for the population of adolescents should...
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