Perlite is a generic name for an amorphous volcanic rock that expands by a factor of 4-20 when rapidly heated to (760-1100°C). Water trapped in the structure of the material vaporises and escapes, and this causes the expansion of the material to 7-16 times its original volume. The expanded material is a brilliant white, due to the reflectivity of the trapped bubbles. Expanded perlite has several attractive physical properties for commercial applications, including, low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, high heat resistance, low sound transmission, high surface area, and chemical inertness.The perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water. Perlite is sterile, inert, non-toxic, non-decomposable and easy to handle with, enhanced water retention and aeration capacity. The application of substrates which improve the properties of the soils requires knowledge of their physical and chemical characteristics that are responsible for providing adequate support and a reservoir for air, water and nutrients.Agricultural production is increasingly concerned about the study of the impact of improvers of properties, such as perlite, that affect the properties of soils as well as their impact on yield and plant quality. The goal of this paper is to observe the influence of porosity on the Perlite substrate and its interaction with the porosity of two types of soil and the peat substrate. The laboratory part comprised preparation of the substrate perlite, soils, and substrate peat for analyses and conducting quantitative laboratory analysis.The substrate perlite, soils and substrate peat were analysed in all five of their different ratios: Perlite (Pe) 20%; 30%; 50%; 70%; 80% by volume) and 100% perlite. Fluvial soil (FS) 80%; 70%; 50%; 30%; 20% by volume) and 100% fluvial soil. Mollic Vertic Gleysol (GS) 80%; 70%; 50%; 30%; 20% by volume) and 100% mollic vertic gleysol. Peat (P) 80%; 70%; 50%; 30%; 20% by volume) and 100% Peat. In laboratory conditions the total porosity (in percentage form) was determined with the help of apparent and specific density (apparent density through applying the Koppecki method (specific density was determined 1 Vesna Markoska University "Goce Delcev" Stip, Republic of MACEDONIA; Notes: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Authorship Form signed online.Markoska et al. 16through the Gracanin method. The pores' total content is determined indirectly on the basis of the specific mass and volume mass. The results will be displayed through statistical data processing.
The results of the water retention curves between (pF -2 and -4.2) matric potential for two substrates perlite and peat, are presented in this paper. Perlite is an inorganic, expanded aluminosilicate of volcanic origin. Peat is an organic substrate. For assessing this parameter, the method of bar extractors and Porous plate extractors have been explored. The method is applied on 7 different regimes of pressure (0.1; 0.33; 1; 3; 6.25; 11; 15 bars) in samples composed of perlite and peat present at different volume ratios of 80% Perlite + 20% Peat, 70%Perlite + 30% Peat, 50% Perlite + 50% Peat, 30% Perlite + 70% Peat, 20%Perlite + 80% Peat. The retention capacity of the pеrlite, at all applied different point of tension, is: 67.88% for 0.1 bar, 58.35%, for 0.33 bar, 47.70% for 1 bar, 39.78%; for 3 bars, 34.84 for 6.25 bars, 30.10% for 11 bars and 26.65% for 15 bars and for the peat are: for 0.1 bar = 89.16%, for 0.33 bar = 74.84%, for 1 bar = 57.94%; for 3 bars = 45.15%; for 6.25 bars = 39.57; for 11 bars = 33.89%; for 15 bars = 23.17%. The peat substrate shows higher retention at all points of tension of 0.1; 0.33; 1; 3; 6.25; 11, with the exception of 15 bars, when the retention is lower than the substrate perlite.The reason for the higher water retention at peat than at perlite, is the result of the high content of the humus in the peat. Of all the analyzed samples, it can be seen that all curves show a favorable water retention capacity, which is due to the fact that the peat and the perlite as substrates have high porosity. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the water retention capacity of both substrates and their mixtures. Also to see the ability which substrate retains a greater amount of water that will be easily accessible to the plants for their proper growth and development.
In this research the sorption of the cations NH 4 + , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Mg 2+ in powdered perlite and its mixture with soil was monitored. Of all observed cations in perlite by the first minutes of laboratory experiments, which is very fast, the ammonia sorption cations reacted fastest. Тhe dynamics of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in the soil after application of perlite in different quantities were observed. Reduced ammonia content was apparent in variants with perlite one (1) month of application. Three (3) months later, distributed ammonium content increased in variants with perlite from 24% to 59%, compared with the control variant due to the gradual release of ammonium perlite lattice. Six (6) months after the application, statistically significant differences were found not only between the control variant and variants with perlite, but also between the individual variants with different perlite doses (n = 13.2; P = 0.003 according to Kruskal-Wallis test). The process of nitrification in the soil was strong because of the applied perlite. The content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil is reduced by 66% to 78% compared to control variation in the fall time; therefore, the amount of nitrate leaching from soil horizons groundwater is minimal. In summary, perlite can be considered to be a slow release nitrogen fertilizer. This research concluded that the perlite can find application in the production of mineral fertilizers that is gradually giving the necessary cations.
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus (CoV) disease (COVID)-19 infection is a major public health issue worldwide with no specific therapy or vaccine. CASE REPORT: COVID-19-positive patient was hospitalized due to a dry irritating cough that has persisted for 3 days. The polymerase chain reaction test to severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 was positive. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs showed massive bilateral consolidation. The patient was set to oxygen support (6 L/min). Two hours after referring the patient’s condition worsened with shortness of breath, suffocation, wheezing, and decreased saturation (77%). The patient was given mechanical support with continuous positive airway pressure mask. Therapy included azithromycin 500 mg and ceftriaxone 2 g. On the 3rd day of hospitalization, there was a sharp deterioration of the condition and a decrease in saturation (40%). The patient was intubated and immediately placed on intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Azithromycin was now combined with meropenem 3 × 1 g. The next morning patient’s condition further worsened with decrease in saturation and heart rate. The resuscitation was unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is primary a respiratory infection, but the virus also affects other organs with poor outcome.
Abstract. The basic goal of this research is to determine the influence of foliar fertilization on the content of dry and mineral matter, vitamin C and total organic acids in broccoli. The experiment was set according to the random blocksystem, on fluvisol soil with a high concentration of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was performed during the vegetation period of 2014, on the territory of the village of Negorci, near Gevegelija (Republic of Macedonia) with five variants and three repetitions in fifteen rows. Each variant involved 180 plants in total. The experiment involved the following variants: 1. Control (Non-fertilized); 2. Bioflor; 3. Ingrasamant foliar; 4. Humustim and 5. Rhizoactive. During the vegetation period, a total of four treatments were performed by foliar feeding with 0.4% solution of the above-given fertilizers. Following the broccoli harvest, the average samples were taken for chemical analysis and, from the results of the analysis carried out, it was concluded that the foliar fertilizing and the high concentration of the available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium have positive effects on the chemical composition of the broccoli in all variants. The highest of the dry matter (14.31 %), mineral matter (1.40%), vitamin C (50.02 mg%) and total organic acid (0.48 %) content was achieved in the variant no. 5 Rhizoactive.
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