In this study, the contents of five representative heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu) were determined in soil and propolis samples from four locations in southwestern Macedonia using atomic absorption spectrometry. The aim was to pinpoint the key factors that influence the content of heavy metals in propolis and to establish whether there is a connection between the contents of heavy metals in soil and in propolis from the same location. Generally, at all of the locations, the relative concentrations of heavy metals in soil were found to decrease in the following order: Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd. The highest mean values for concentrations of heavy metals in these soils were found to be: 72. 03, 38.28, 26.64, 17.15 and 0.60 mg kg -1 for Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively, and they are all below the target values from the new Dutch list. The general trend of the heavy metal contents in propolis from the same four locations, in decreasing order, is: Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu≈Cd. Generally, the propolis samples from the highland locations (Orle and Rapeš) had lower overall contents of heavy metals than the lowland locations (Novaci and Makovo). All of the analyzed propolis samples meet the requirements of the Macedonian legislation and the international organizations for the maximum allowed levels for heavy metals. Attempts were made to find a correlation between the heavy metal contents in soil and propolis. According to our aim, the investigation presented herein offers one step towards a complete picture of ecological safety of the specific areas in the Republic of Macedonia. To do so, it is necessary to perform additional studies and to find appropriate biomonitoring methods. Further studies are needed to complete the picture and to determine the major pathways of incorporation of heavy metals in beehive products.Key words: heavy metals; soil; propolis; atomic absorption spectrometry; honeybee; biomarker ПРОЦЕНА НА ТЕШКИ МЕТАЛИ ВО ПРОПОЛИС И ВО ПОЧВА ОД ПЕЛАГОНИСКИОТ РЕГИОН, РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈАВо оваа студија, со користење на атомска апсорпциона спектрометрија, беше одредена содржината на пет тешки метали (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd и Cu) во примероци почва и прополис, од четири локации во југозападниот дел на Македонија. Целта беше да се посочат клучните фактори кои влијаат на содржината на тешките метали во почвата и во прополис од иста локација. Општо земено, на сите локации релативните концентрации на тешки метали во почва беа со следниот опаѓачки редослед: Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd. Највисоките средни вредности од концентрациите на тешки метали во овие почви изнесуваат: 72,03; 38,28; 26,64; 17,15;0,60 mg kg -1 за Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb и Cd, соодветно, и сите тие се под целните вредности претставени во Холандската листа. Општиот тренд на содржината на тешки метали во прополисот од истите четири локации, е со следниот B. Bogdanova Popov, V. Karapetkovska Hristova, S. Presilski,M. A. Shariati, S. Najman Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 36(1), 23-33 (2017) 24 опаѓачки редослед: Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu≈Cd. Генерално, примероците од прополис од планинските локации (Орле и Ра...
Cheese whey is greenish yellow liquid separated during cheese processing. It accounts 80-90% of milk after cheese processing. It is usually wasted by cheese industries, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan that increases BOD and COD of dairy effluent. Various useful components like lactose, proteins, minerals etc. are present in whey. Among proteins, whey proteins are very effective in body muscle anabolism along with other health benefits. Present research utilized whey proteins in the form of protein supplement. Whey protein was precipitated by combination of pH, temperature and salt treatment followed by filtration. Two types of whey protein concentrates (WPCs) were formed. One was creamy textured while the other was in powder form. WPCs were added in broiler feed at the rate of 0.2% in powder form and 2% in the creamy texture form. Growth parameters like feed consumption, body weight and weight gain increased with whey protein supplement while had no effect on feed conversion ratio (FCR). Carcass traits like carcass, breast, thigh, wings, drumstick weight had significantly increased with the incorporation of whey protein while having non-significant effect on liver weight, GIT weight and GIT/carcass ratio. Whey protein supplementation exhibit no significant influence on packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin, lymphocytes and polymorphnuclear leukocyte (PMN) while exhibit significant impact on leukocytes and platelets. It is concluded that only 0.2% WPC (powder) exhibit significant impact on carcass growth while 2% WPC (creamy texture) supplementation improved the growth parameters but statistical analysis revealed it non-significant.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of season and number of parity on the reproductive performance of sows kept on a commercial farm. To achieve this objective, 800 nrs productive parent sows and a total of 958 parities were analyzed. The results show that sow’s breeding season had a significant effect on the weaning-to-oestrus interval, the farrowing rate, the litter size and weaning piglets with positive results during autumn, winter and spring seasons. The number of parity has a significant effect on the weaning-to-oestrus interval, litter size and weaning piglets with acceptable values in sows with more farrowing. The results of this study on a pig farm with analysis which highlights the risk factors associated with reproductive performance of sows, could be used to improve sow farm practices.
Slaughter technology has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Methods of handling the alive animal immediately prior to slaughter, methods of stunning, killing, early postmortem handling, and carcass treatment have all seen technological advancement. The primary factors driving changes in these technical aspects of cattle slaughter have been to increase efficiency of commercial operations and the improvement of carcass and meat quality. This research has been done with the aim of identifying the quality of meat, chemical composition and nutritional value of meat from animals slaughtered with modern technology. During this research we took three samples, at different points of the cattle carcass. Sample points are: 1. Spine; 2. Chest and 3. Thigh. The samples were taken fresh immediately after slaughter, while the distance from industry to laboratory was about 1 hour. The amount for a sample was about 300 gr.The samples were packaged with vacuum to avoid the contamination or any damage. The samples were analyzed in the chemistry laboratory at the Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency. Samples analysis was made by Food Scan with these parameters: protein, fat, moisture and collagen. Based on the above results, we see that the sample of spine is richer in protein and fat and the sample of chest is richer in moisture. In the sample of thigh, all parameters are lower than in two other samples. Since the Kosovo state doesn't have yet any official regulations for the limits of these parameters, based on the literature we have used, we see that the first sample exceed the value of the fat because by 5.2 it should have up to 4.8 based on the reference values, while the second and third samples exceed the value of moisture because by 74-76 it should have up to 70-73. However, exceeded values are minimal and we can’t say that the meat is of poor quality. At the end of the analysis, we have come to the conclusion that meat samples that we analyzed, although in some cases they had exceeded the limits, but were minimal. This makes us realize that the quality of the meat is good. If, at the end of the analysis, we would result in a concentration of moisture beyond the limits, or any other parameters, in that case we can say that is not good quality of meat.The reason why these three samples were taken for analysis is that we wanted to do the research of the quality of the meat at different points of the cattle carcass because as we know that is difficult to determine the quality of the whole carcass taking just one sample.Many factors may affect the nutritional content of the meat; one of many factors is animal welfare and stress before slaughter. The results obtained give us a conclusion that the animal had no stress before slaughter, animal welfare was respected and the meat is of good quality and has nutritional value.
The ubiquitous indulging of cereals and legumes all over the world gives them a momentous abode in international nutrition. The exploration of food component plays dominating ole in the nutritional assessment, shelf life and the inclusive acceptance by the end user. Maize, chickpea and soybean flours were blended uniformly @ 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% levels with wheat flour to prepared different compositions and stored at ambient temperature in polyethylene bags. During the fortnightly storage period of 45 days, each treatment was assessed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, nitrogen free extract, acidity, peroxide value and mold count. Mean squares of chemical analysis revealed significant differences due to different flour compositions and storage intervals. There was a slight increase in moisture content, total acidity, peroxide value and mold count of the composite flours whereas a decrease in protein, fiber, fat and nitrogen free extract during storage. Ash showed non-significant effect during storage. It is concluded that vacillations in temperature, relative humidity, storage circumstances, length of storage time, storage material as well as enzymatic activity made considerable nutrient losses in cereals-legumes blended flours.
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