In the first decade of the XXI century, the Montenegrin educational system has undergone an extensive reform at all levels. This paper is aimed at identifying the most important reform processes in primary education, initiated by the 2004 practical implementation of the reformed curricula. That year the first generation of students was enrolled in the nine-year primary school program. The general objective of the primary education reform was a fundamental transformation of the ordered core of the educational context, which required significant structural changes such as the introduction of compulsory nine-year education, openness of school or increased availability of and access to education. On the other hand, the reform of primary education, which entails a curricular reform, was aimed at improving the quality of education (significant changes in the content and methods of teaching and learning, introduction of elective courses, etc.). In the end, the whole series of reforms initiated the continuous professional development of teachers in the field of application of modern methods and teaching techniques that allow adjustment and adaptation to the real situation of the reform process in the education system. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the reform processes in primary education. Therefore, we have tried to present the fundamental values of the existing reformed educational context, supporting it by research results of the reform evaluation conducted in the period from 2011-2012 in the wider territory of Montenegro.
Introduction The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and general health questionnaire (SF-36) are widely used for chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aim We examined the reliability and validity of a modified questionnaire (MQ) to create a model for assessing the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in COPD. Method In total, 132 COPD patients completed the MQ. Lung function, smoking index, and exacerbation frequency were measured. Cronbach's α coefficient of correlation, standard deviation, and multifactorial nonlinear regression analysis were used to verify the internal validity of the MQ and to develop the mathematical model. Results Female (63) patients had lesser airway obstruction than, and exacerbation frequency similar to that of, male patients. Exacerbation frequency significantly correlated with spirometry parameters in female patients. The MQ total score achieved high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.89) and showed significant correlations with exacerbation frequency, smoking habit, and spirometry parameters in male patients (p < 0.005). Conclusion The HRQOL questionnaire was shown to be a good indicator of the health status of COPD patients. The mathematical model easily and precisely confirmed the score of HRQOL questionnaire.
Within the project "Effects of the Reform Changes on the Preschool Education Context in Montenegro", the observations of education process were conducted in preschools, in three regions, on the total sample of 99 units (educational groups). This paper highlights the positive effects that are a result of the reform process in the Montenegrin preschool education, but it also identifies problems/challenges in realizing the programme objectives and activities. In order to objectively assess practical activities in different age groups, the Scale for observing the education process in preschool institutions was used, with a focus on the identification of indicators of more complex categories (interaction, diversity and democratic values, teaching strategies, learning environment, planning). With the intention of collecting relevant information about the current state of the kindergarten in the domain of educational work, a series of interviews were conducted, and then the teachers' opinions and suggestions regarding the possible ways of improving teaching methodology practices in preschool institutions in Montenegro were marked. The study shows that the largest number of indicators is on the level of quality practices (on the scale 1=inadequate to 4= a step forward), so the measures towards the improvement of practice are suggested. It is necessary to adjust the number of children in educational groups with pedagogical standards, provide continuous training of professional staff, and improve educators' teamwork in order to ensure much better life quality in preschool institutions.
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