Inuit populations meet a large portion of their food needs by eating country food in which pollutants are concentrated. Despite the fact that they contain pollutants, the consumption of country food has many health, social, economic, and cultural benefits. A risk determination process was set up in order to help regional health authorities of Nunavik to deal with this particular issue. Based on Nunavik health authorities' objectives to encourage the region's inhabitants to change their dietary habits, and on both the risks and the benefits of eating country food, several management options were developed. The options aimed at reducing exposure to contaminants by either substituting certain foods with others that have a lower contaminant content or by store-bought foods. This article aims at assessing the potential economic impact of these risk management options before being implemented. Relevant economic data (aggregate income and monetary outlays for the purchase of food and equipment required for food production by households) were collected and identified to serve as a backdrop for the various replacement scenarios. Results show that household budgets, and the regional economy, are not significantly affected by the replacement of contaminated foods with the purchase of store-bought meat, and even less so if the solution involves replacing contaminated foods with other types of game hunted in the region. When financial support is provided by the state, the households can even gain some monetary benefits. Results show that public health authorities' recommended changes to dietary habits among the Inuit of Nunavik would not necessarily involve economic constraints for Inuit households.
This study simulates the macroeconomic and distributive impacts of real proposed (by local policy makers) energy subsidy reforms in Egypt and Jordan. To do that, we develop a dynamic CGEmicrosimulation model that is able to reconcile the general equilibrium effects of the reform and the individual-and household-specific distributive effects. While the nature of the proposed reforms differs in the two countries, the study underscores the need, in both countries, for reform to generate fiscal savings to boost private investment and increase economic growth. It also shows that the reform alone would further exacerbate poverty through increased consumer prices. However, a modest reinvestment of fiscal savings into cash transfers creates a win-win scenario of reduced poverty without significantly sacrificing the fiscal and growth benefits from the reform. Impacts (prices, growth, fiscal savings, poverty) are greater in Egypt due to the extent of proposed reforms and the fact that a larger share of the energy products concerned are consumed directly by households, while in Jordan the major effects come from the increase in intermediate input costs which generate a fall in the aggregate demand and, so, in labor demand.JEL Codes: D58, C50, I32, O57, H2
RésuméCet article compile des données sur l’économie formelle de la région du Nunavik, au nord du Québec, portant sur une période de vingt ans. Il permet de vérifier que les caractéristiques de l’économie régionale se maintiennent, voire s’intensifient, durant toute la période : structure industrielle dominée par l’administration publique, rôle majeur du salariat, importation massive de produits finis et de biens intermédiaires, importance variable du secteur minier… Cet examen permet surtout d’identifier certaines tendances méconnues. Les politiques visant à réduire les déficits et la dette publique ont eu des effets plus profonds au Nunavik que dans l’ensemble du Québec; il montre une rémunération asymétrique en vertu de laquelle les autochtones accaparent une proportion du revenu toujours plus faible que leur proportion dans la main-d’oeuvre; les paliers gouvernementaux régionaux et locaux ont une importance croissante dans la prestation des services, qui ne se reflète pas forcément dans le pouvoir politique qu’ils exercent. Il conclut que, si l’autonomie décisionnelle peut être accrue par le projet d’une nouvelle forme de gouvernement régional, les grandes forces contemporaines – politiques néo-libérales et marchés mondiaux – continuent d’influencer l’économie régionale, intimement liée à celle du reste du Québec et du monde.
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