S��������� B., N������ O., D������� V., R������ Z., D������ M., V������ J. (2004): Esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in foodstuffs. Czech J. Food Sci., We provide here for the first time the evidence that 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) occurs in foodstuffs in its free form and also in the form of esters with higher fatty acids. These esters represent a new class of food contaminants as 3-MCPD may be released in vivo by a lipase-catalysed hydrolysis reaction. We analysed 20 samples of selected retail food products for their free and bound 3-MCPD content. All samples contained free 3-MCPD at approximately 9.6-82.7 µg/kg food (3 replications, RSD = 0.4-7.0%). The levels of bound 3-MCPD (monoesters and diesters of 3-MCPD with higher fatty acids) found in the foodstuffs analysed varied between the LOD (1.1 mg per kg of fat) and 36.8 mg/kg fat with RSD = 0.3-3.3%. Five foodstuffs of plant origin processed at high temperatures contained elevated levels of bound 3-MCPD (0.14-6.10 mg/kg). A high level of bound 3-MCPD (0.28 mg/kg) was also found in a sample of pickled fish. Some variables potentially influencing the levels of either free or bound 3-MCPD in foodstuffs were determined (pH, water, chlorides, glycerol, fat and its components) and their significance was discussed.
An improved routine, simple and sensitive method is presented for the determination of free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in different foods using capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and deuterated 3-MCPD as internal standard. The optimised method was linear within the working calibration standard concentrations in the range of 0.009–1.3 mg 3-MCPD per 1 kg of sample. The LOD and LOQ were 0.003 µg/kg and 0.009 µg/kg, respectively. Validation of the method was carried out by analysing standards of<br /> 3-MCPD, acid-HVP, roasted coffee samples, and the same samples spiked with 3-MCPD. Repeatability (expressed as RSD) of the method was in the range 1.0–4.2%, the average spike recoveries were 99.1–99.5% (RSD = 0.8–1.4%), respectively. 3-MCPD bound in esters with higher fatty acids was isolated as fat, the isolated fat was subjected to methanolysis and 3-MCPD generated was quantified using the same method. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 1.1 mg/kg of lipids and 3.3 mg/kg of lipids, respectively. Using the optimised method, 20 samples of retail food products were analysed for their free and bound 3-MCPD. All samples contained free 3-MCPD at 9.6–83 µg/kg (RSD = 0.4–7.0%). The level of the bound 3-MCPD varied between the LOD and 2.4 mg/kg with RSD = 0.3–2.4%.
Divinová V., Doležal M., Velíšek J. (2007): Free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in coffee surrogates and malts. Czech J. Food Sci., 25: 39-47.The levels are reported of the free 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), its bound forms, the recognised precursors of 3-MCPD, and the factors influencing its formation in 5 selected coffee surrogates and 18 malts in the Czech Republic. The coffee surrogates had the free 3-MCPD level in the range of < 9.0 to 32 µg/kg while the highest amount was found in roasted barley. In malts, the free 3-MCPD levels were similarly low (< 9.0 to 45 µg/kg) being the highest in roasted malts (16-45 µg/kg). Nevertheless, the values found in either surrogates or malts, calculated after normalisation to 40% dry matter content, did not exceed the European Union limit of 20 µg/kg adopted for soy sauces and acid-HVP. The risk for consumers could arise from the bound 3-MCPD, its elevated levels having been found in both coffee surrogates and malts. In coffee surrogates, the bound 3-MCPD levels varied between 145-1184 µg/kg product; the highest level was found in roasted barley. The bound 3-MCPD levels exceeded the free 3-MCPD levels 32 to 81 times. In malts, the bound 3-MCPD levels ranged from 4.0 to 650 µg/kg, the highest amount having been found in roasted malts (463-650 µg/kg). The bound 3-MCPD levels exceeded the free 3-MCPD levels 0.4 to 36 times.
A survey of the levels of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its precursors in a range of selected retail food products in the Czech Republic is reported. The foods were selected according to their content of water, chlorides and lipids and included foods processed at high temperatures and/or stored for a long time. The content of 3-MCPD was determined by the GC/MS method using deuterium-labeled 3-MCPD. Water content and pH value of the analysed foods were determined together with the recognised precursors of 3-MCPD, fat, glycerol and chlorides. An insight into the level of 3-MCPD influenced by these variables has been done by principal components analysis.
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