Social-perception dimensions may explain human-animal relationships because animals show intent toward humans (social perception's warmth dimension) and, consequently, their potential effect on humans is relevant (competence dimension). After reviewing current literature about perceptions of animals' ascribed intentions and abilities, three studies tested the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002) and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007) regarding animal targets. Study 1 found a four-cluster SCM structure. Warmth and competence judgments predicted specific emotions and behavioral tendencies toward animals (Study 2). Study 3 supported associations between animals and social groups based on their respective perceived warmth and competence. Taken together, results showed the relevance of SCM dimensions for social perception of animals.

This article examines the impact of visual images and perspective taking on concern for environmental problems. Participants in the experiment were 193 university students. Results replicated earlier results showing that perspective taking, combined with images of animals harmed by nature, caused an increase in biospheric environmental concerns. In addition, results showed that the empathic dimension of personal distress moderated the relationship between kind of image and kind of perspective on both biospheric and egoistic environmental concerns. Results about the lack of other moderating effects are discussed. Studies of environmental attitudes have a long history in environmental psychology. There is a large volume of research examining the ways in which people think about environmental issues, the types of concerns that individuals hold about environmental problems, and the relationship between environmental attitudes and behavior. Originally, research on environmental attitudes and proenvironmental behavior was developed from a sociological point of view (Dunlap & Van Liere, 1978;Milbrath, 1986), emphasizing the role of society in generating and maintaining environmental problems. Keywords: environmental concern; empathy; perspective taking; environmental valuesConsequently, constructs such as the new ecological paradigm, worldview, and anthropocentrism emerged from this body of work, among others. More recently, theoretical developments and a number of empirical studies of environmental attitudes have focused on a more psychological perspective (e.g. Kaiser & Fuhrer, 2003;Schultz, 2001;Stern & Dietz, 1994;Thompson & Barton, 1994;Uzzell, 2000). One line of psychological work has examined the values and motives that underlie environmental attitudes. This work has shown that different values are associated with different attitudes about environmental problems. Thompson and Barton (1994) distinguish two kinds of values under-lying environmental attitudes: ecocentric, which empathizes the value of nature itself, and anthropocentric, which empathizes the benefits of the natural environment for human beings. This classification is grounded in a general view about the relationship between human beings and nature (Stokols, 1990;White, 1967). A different classification has been proposed by Stern and Dietz (1994). In one of the most influential works on the role of values in environmental concern, these authors provide a tripartite classification of values (social-altruistic, biospheric, and egoistic) that "may affect beliefs about the consequences of attitude objects for the things an individual values and thus have consequences for that individual's attitudes and behavior" (Stern & Dietz, 1994, p. 67 Schultz (2000Schultz ( , 2001 developed an Environmental Motives Scale for assessing the set of valued objects on which people base their environmental concern. The author identified three sets of valued objects in an English-speaking sample: egoistic (me, my future, my lifestyle, my health), altruistic (all people, ...

This study focuses on the cognitive components of general environmental attitudes. Taking as a starting point the scale of Thompson and Barton (1994) to identify ecocentric and anthropocentric motives in environmental conservation, the beliefs that guide attitudes in the person-environment relationship are analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to contrast the tripartite structure of these beliefs-based on egoistic, socioaltruistic, and biospheric aspects-with a two-dimensional structure that confronts ecocentric and anthropocentric orientations. The results obtained from two samples, a student sample (n = 212) and a sample from the general population of Madrid (n = 205), indicate the existence of a three-dimensional structure of environmental beliefs: an anthropocentric dimension based on the instrumental value of the environment for human beings, a biospheric dimension that values the environment for its own sake, and, lastly, an egobiocentric dimension that values the human being within nature as a whole. Keywords: environmental beliefs, anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, self in natureLa presente investigación está centrada en los componentes cognitivos de las actitudes generales hacia el medio ambiente. Partiendo de la escala utilizada por Thompson y Barton (1994) para identificar motivos ecocéntricos y antropocéntricos en la conservación medioambiental, se analizan las creencias que orientan la relación individuo-medio ambiente. Mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio se contrasta una estructura tripartita de estas creencias basada en dimensiones egoístas, socioaltruistas y biosféricas con una estructura bidimensional en la que se enfrentan una orientación ecocéntrica y una orientación antropocéntrica. Los resultados obtenidos con dos muestras, una de estudiantes (n = 212) y otra extraída de la población general de la ciudad de Madrid (n = 205), apuntan hacia la existencia de una estructura de tres dimensiones de las creencias ambientales: una dimensión antropocéntrica vinculada al valor instrumental del medio ambiente para el ser humano; una dimensión biosférica que contempla el medio ambiente por el valor intrínseco de éste y, finalmente, una dimensión egobiocéntrica que valora al ser humano en la naturaleza. Palabras clave: creencias hacia el medio ambiente, antropocentrismo, ecocentrismo, self en la naturaleza

El acceso a la versión del editor puede requerir la suscripción del recurso Access to the published version may require subscription aged between 18 and 65, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Several hierarchical regression analyses of ethnicity and perceived discrimination on subjective mental and physical health (assessed using the health-related quality of life items, HRQLSF-12) were carried out separately for men and women. Health-related quality of life and perceived discrimination among immigrants and natives in SpainResults: Male immigrants from Colombia and Sub-Saharan Africa showed better physical health than natives, controlling for age and socioeconomic and marital status. The immigrants-except for the Colombians-had poorer mental health than natives, especially African men and Bolivian women. Socioeconomic status had no impact on these differences. Among immigrants, perceived discrimination was the best predictor of physical and mental health (controlling for sociodemographic variables). African men, Bolivian women and women without legal status exhibited the poorest self-rated mental health.Conclusion: Clear differences in health status among natives and immigrants were recorded. The self-selection hypothesis was plausible for physical health of Colombians and Sub-Saharan African men. Acculturation stress could explain poorer mental health in immigrants compared with natives. The association between ethnicity and poor self-reported mental health appears to be partially mediated by discrimination.

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Background: Nicaragua is one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with an extremely low human development index (HDI). Fifty-two percent of the Nicaraguan population are children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Nicaraguan adolescents present several risk behaviors (such as teenage pregnancies, consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis). Our study examines the links between risk behaviors, fatalism, real economic scarcity, and concrete construal level for adolescents with low and middle-low socioeconomic status in Nicaragua. Methods: Nicaraguan adolescents (N = 834) from schools located in especially vulnerable areas (low economic status) or in neighborhoods with middle-low social class completed several scales and questions to evaluate fatalism (SFC—social fatalism scale), construal level (BIF) and their past and future risk behaviors (smoking cigarettes, smoking cannabis, unsafe sex, and alcohol consumption). Results: We identified that the poorest individuals who maintained a concrete style of thinking had the highest rates of past and future risk behaviors. This vulnerable group also reported the highest levels of fatalism, i.e., negative attitudes and feelings of helplessness. Encouragingly, the adolescents who were able to maintain an abstract mindset reported healthier past and future habits and lower fatalism, even when they belonged to the lowest social status. In the middle-low economic group, the construal level was not as relevant to maintaining healthy habits, as adolescents reported similar rates of past and future risk behavior at both construal levels. Conclusions: All these results support the importance of considering construal level when studying vulnerable populations and designing risk prevention programs.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of small urban spaces (or pocket parks) in cities as an opportunity to access nature and restorativeness. The study was performed in nine squares located in the central zone of the city of Madrid. A total of 537 people were interviewed in situ about their preferences, as well as the perceived quality and environmental restorativeness of these places. The results show that preference is influenced by the amount of vegetation and perceived restorativeness, and that restorativeness in turn is determined by perceived vegetation and social interaction. The benefits of this restorative role should be considered when designing small urban squares, taking care to include plants and vegetation as well as appropriate equipment, and making these spaces a valuable element within the green infrastructure of major cities.

Using the stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002) and the behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes (BIAS) map (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007), two experiments tested the effect of animal stereotypes on emotions and behavioral tendencies toward animals. As a novel approach, Study 1 ( N = 165) manipulated warmth and competence traits of a fictitious animal species (“wallons”) and tested their effect on emotions and behaviors toward those animals. Stereotypical warm-competent and cold-incompetent “wallons” elicited fondness/delight and contempt/disgust, respectively. Cold-competent “wallons” primarily elicited threat but not awe. Warm-incompetent “wallons” were elusive targets, not eliciting specific emotions. The warmth dimension determined active behaviors, promoting facilitation (support/help) and reducing harm (kill/trap). The competence dimension determined passive behaviors, eliciting facilitation (conserve/monitor) and reducing harm (ignore/let them die off). Study 2 ( N = 112) tested the relation between animal stereotypes for 25 species and realistic scenarios concerning behavioral tendencies toward animals. Similar to Study 1, stereotypically warm (vs. cold) animals matched with active scenarios, eliciting more facilitation (i.e., national health campaign) but less harm (i.e., fighting animals). Stereotypically competent (vs. incompetent) animals matched with passive scenarios, eliciting more facilitation (i.e., restricted areas) but less harm (i.e., accidental mortality). Accordingly, stereotypes limited the suitability of scenarios toward animals. Although findings are consistent with the SCM/BIAS map framework, several unpredicted results emerged. The mixed support is discussed in detail, along with the implications of an intergroup approach to animals.