The catalytic activity of MnO 2 nanosheets towards oxygen evolution depends highly on their interlayer environment. We present a systematic investigation on fine-tuning of the interlayer environment of MnO 2 nanosheets by intercalation through a facile cation exchange with inexpensive first-row transition metal cations, including Ni 2 + , Co 2 + , Cu 2 + , Zn 2 + , and Fe 3 + ions. Among them, the Ni-intercalated MnO 2 nanosheets show remarkably enhanced OER activity and long-term stability, compared to pristine MnO 2 nanosheets. The overpotential of 330 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm À 2 is observed for the Ni-intercalated MnO 2 nanosheets. The ehancement mechanism of OER is studied by comparing physiochemical properties, such as the oxidation state of Mn, the interlayer distance, the increase in the disorder/twisting of MnO 6 octahedra, and the interlayer cooperative binding of water molecules. The Ni intercalation, different from other metal cations, strengthens the MnÀ O bond perpendicularly to the layer chains to facilitate the interlayer catalysis possibly between two Mn sites, and thus promotes the efficiency of oxygen evolution.

As a result of expanding scientific understanding of the interplay between genetics and dietary risk factors, those involved in nutritional management need to understand genetics and nutritional genomics in order to inform management of individuals and groups. The aim of this study was to measure and determine factors affecting dietitians' knowledge, involvement and confidence in genetics and nutritional genomics across the US, Australia and the UK. A cross-sectional study was undertaken using an online questionnaire that measured knowledge and current involvement and confidence in genetics and nutritional genomics. The questionnaire was distributed to dietitians in the US, Australia and the UK using email lists from the relevant professional associations. Data were collected from 1,844 dietitians who had practiced in the previous 6 months. The main outcomes were knowledge of genetics and nutritional genomics and involvement and confidence in undertaking clinical and educational activities related to genetics and nutritional genomics. Mean scores for knowledge, involvement and confidence were calculated. Analysis of variance and v 2 analysis were used to compare scores and frequencies. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine predictors of high scores. The results demonstrated significant differences in involvement (p \ 0.001) and confidence (p \ 0.001) but not knowledge scores (p = 0.119) between countries. Overall, dietitians reported low levels of knowledge (mean knowledge score 56.3 %), involvement (mean number of activities undertaken 20.0-22.7 %) and confidence (mean confidence score 25.8-29.7 %). Significant relationships between confidence, involvement and knowledge were observed. Variables relating to education, experience, sector of employment and attitudes were also significantly associated with knowledge, involvement and confidence. Dietitians' knowledge, involvement and confidence relating to genetics and nutritional genomics remain low and further investigation into factors contributing to this is required.

A microcontroller was used to operate a pulsed-solenoid valve connected directly to a vacuum chamber (10−8mbar) to deposit microliters of solution resulting in monolayer and submonolayer coverage of the substrate. This technique is particularly suited for preparing samples to be characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy or atomic force microscopy. The microcontroller can be programed to open the valve at the millisecond timescale. The valve is particularly suited to deliver air and temperature sensitive molecules to the substrate without the need to remove the substrate from vacuum for deposition.