Iridium-based materials are among the most active and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Amorphous iridium oxide structures are found to be more active than their crystalline counterparts. Herein, we combine synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission and absorption spectroscopies with theoretical calculations to investigate the electronic structure of Ir metal, rutile-type IrO₂, and an amorphous IrO_x. Theory and experiment show that while the Ir 4f line shape of Ir metal is well described by a simple Doniach–Šunjić function, the peculiar line shape of rutile-type IrO₂ requires the addition of a shake-up satellite 1 eV above the main line. In the catalytically more active amorphous IrO_x, we find that additional intensity appears in the Ir 4f spectrum at higher binding energy when compared with rutile-type IrO₂ along with a pre-edge feature in the O K-edge. We identify these additional features as electronic defects in the anionic and cationic frameworks, namely, formally O^I− and Ir^III, which may explain the increased activity of amorphous IrO_x electrocatalysts. We corroborate our findings by in situ X-ray diffraction as well as in situ X-ray photoemission and absorption spectroscopies

Iridium oxide based electrodes are among the most promising candidates for electrocatalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction, making it imperative to understand their chemical/electronic structure. However, the complexity of iridium oxide's electronic structure makes it particularly difficult to experimentally determine the chemical state of the active surface species. To achieve an accurate understanding of the electronic structure of iridium oxide surfaces, we have combined synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission and absorption spectroscopies with ab initio calculations. Our investigation reveals a pre-edge feature in the O K-edge of highly catalytically active X-ray amorphous iridium oxides that we have identified as O 2p hole states forming in conjunction with Ir(III). These electronic defects in the near-surface region of the anionic and cationic framework are likely critical for the enhanced activity of amorphous iridium oxides relative to their crystalline counterparts.

In situ XAS measurements reveal that electron-deficient oxygen species form during OER on IrOx and correlate with catalytic activity.