Evaluating translocation success is essential for wildlife management and conservation; short-term success can be evaluated by analysing settlement behaviour after release.We analysed GPS collar data from 47 white (Ceratotherimum simum simum, Burchell, 1817) and 25 black (Diceros bicornis minor, Drummond, 1876) rhinoceros translocated to the Okavango Delta in Botswana between 2014 and 2018. We tested for effects of age and sex on site fidelity and compared movement ranges after translocations between different release sites and between newly released and established individuals. White rhinoceros adults displayed higher site fidelity than subadults and males higher than females. Adults may therefore be better translocation candidates. Site fidelity of black rhinoceros did not differ between sexes or ages. Established rhinoceros movement ranges were smaller than those of newly released ones, pointing towards extended post-translocation exploratory movements and later settlement in smaller home ranges. Movement ranges of white rhinoceros released on an island were significantly smaller than others, which shows together with annual home range sizes compared with the literature that reserve size and rhinoceros density affect home range size. All rhinoceros in this study survived for more than 1-year post-translocation, so these translocations can be deemed successful in the short term.
Translocations can be a useful management tool to support endangered species. Translocated white rhinoceroses sometimes disperse from their release sites and leave protected areas, requiring sedation and return transport by vehicles. To avoid stressful transportation, less invasive management tools are needed to get animals back to the release site. We tested whether playbacks of white rhinoceros calls can influence their movements and thereby offer a potential management tool. We performed 200 experiments with 26 free‐roaming white rhinoceroses in two reserves in Botswana and recorded response intensity and duration, including body movement toward and away from the loudspeaker in response to a socio‐positive and a socio‐negative call. Rhinoceroses responded more to conspecific calls than to control sounds but did not show consistent behavioral responses across all experiments per call type. Males approached the loudspeaker more often than females. The intensity of responses was higher for calls recorded from unfamiliar than from familiar callers and behavioral responses differed between reserves. Further research is necessary to develop an applicable design for a combination of playbacks that would more reliably lead to directed body movement responses.
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