Introduction Aging brings about several changes in humans that include both physiological and anatomical changes. As individuals' age, the activity of the thyroid gland and its hormones decline, causing significant metabolic disorders. Most thyroid gland disorders have been noted among young and middle-aged women. Very little is known regarding the activities of thyroid hormones among older aged women. Methods The study included 350 young to middle-aged pre-menopausal women between 25 and 49 years and 350 older post-menopausal women above 50 years of age. The study was conducted in the department of biochemistry, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Nagunur, Karimnagar, Telangana, India. The subjects included in the study were euthyroid (not having any signs and symptoms of thyroid disorder) and were not on any medication. The thyroid profile, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T 3), and tetra-iodothyronine (T 4), was analyzed in all the study subjects using the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) technique on a completely automated Abbott i1000SR Architect Plus instrument (Abbott Core Laboratory, Illinois, US). Results There was no statistically significant difference in thyroid hormone activities in the two age groups compared, as noted by the unpaired student's 't' test. The mean serum TSH levels in the older postmenopausal women (3.39+2.45) were found to be higher than those noted in pre-menopausal women (2.60+1.31). The activities of T 3 and T 4 showed no difference in both groups (p=0.8397). Conclusion The study results clearly indicate an increase in the activities of TSH among the older-aged post-menopausal women.
IntroductionDiabetes is a disease characterized by insulin deficiency resulting in glucose intolerance and in abnormalities of other metabolic fuels including protein. Recently, a number of studies have revealed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) play an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in pancreatic β cells. BCAAs have positive effects on the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Leucine is an important nutrient signal as evidenced by recent observations, which showed increased fasting concentrations of circulating BCAAs being associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance in humans. Leucine seems to have direct effects on hypothalamic and brainstem functioning involved in satiety, which can potentially contribute to obesity and T2D. A number of observational studies indicate that elevated activity of BCAAs could be associated with poor metabolic health and T2D complications. Although these associations were consistently observed in humans, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain to be completely understood. In this study, we have attempted to evaluate urinary excretion of leucine among patients of T2D and compared them with healthy controls by using a low-cost and non-invasive amino acid chromatography technique.MethodsThe study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Central Research Unit, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Karimnagar, Telangana, India, during the period between July and September 2016. A group of 55 normal healthy subjects (control group A), and 55 patients suffering from T2D on treatment (test group B), were enrolled in the study. The urine samples were collected from normal and T2D subjects. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for leucine was performed on all the urine samples.ResultsA strong correlation (p=0.0004) was found between the urinary excretion of leucine among the control (Rf=0.174 ±0.089) and T2D (Rf=0.247 ±0.030) patients.ConclusionExcretion of BCAAs (leucine) in detectable and increased quantities reflect the presence of an altered metabolic state attributable to T2D, which in turn could lead to early diabetic complications. This method (TLC), being non-invasive and cost-effective, could be recommended for assessing the progression and management of type 2 diabetes patients.
Introduction: Females go through a complex hormonal variation once they reach menarche. The menstrual cycle repeats every month regularly and is dependent on the normal functioning of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian hormones. The overall wellness of the females during the menstrual cycle depends greatly on nutritional status. It is common that women develop menstrual cycle-related symptoms and are routinely prone to thyroid dysfunction. The present study is carried out to assess the activities of Mg and thyroid hormones in pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal women. Methods: A total of 165 women were recruited in the study after satisfying the inclusion criteria. An equal number of age-matched subjects were included as controls. All the subjects included in the study were selected from the patients attending various outpatient departments of the
BackgroundThalassemia is a common hereditary anemia in humans, and beta thalassemia represents a group of recessively inherited hemoglobin disorders first described by Cooley and Lee and characterized by the abnormal synthesis of β-globin chain. The homozygous state results in severe anemia, which needs regular blood transfusion. Although such treatments increase the patient's life span, a variety of complications, including endocrine, metabolic, skeletal, and growth disorders are being observed due to increased iron storage in the body.ObjectiveThere are some reports emphasizing the role of zinc deficiency and its associated outcomes among thalassemia patients, but none from this part of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the serum zinc levels in children with beta thalassemia major.MethodsThis is a prospective case-control study, which included 35 children between the ages five and 15 years, who were diagnosed as suffering from beta thalassemia major. An equal number of age matched healthy subjects were recruited as controls. The study was carried out at the thalassemia center attached to the Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Karimnagar, Telangana, India, during the year 2016. Blood samples were collected from both the cases and control subjects and serum zinc activities were analyzed using a semi-automated analyzer. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 15.0) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was used to calculate the unpaired and independent Student's t-test (p value) to find the significance of the results.ResultsThe mean concentrations of serum zinc among the cases and the controls were 39.25 ± 13.45 and 85.31 ± 13.53 (p <0.0001), respectively. Among the cases, 26 (65%) thalassemia patients had zinc concentration below 60 μg/dl, confirming hypozincemia. ConclusionThis study revealed that hypozincemia was prevalent in beta thalassemia major patients. Further evaluation regarding the role of zinc in the development and progression of thalassemia is recommended.
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