Mark A Harral (J.D) is with the GroupNIRE, clean energy development company, Lubbock, U.S.A (mark.harral@groupnire.com).Abstract-With the increasing grid penetration levels of wind power, there is an increasing need to study both the power control systems and the regulatory aspects associated with frequency control capabilities of wind power plants at various levels (turbine, wind farm and power system levels). This is especially very important in the United States with a goal of achieving 20% nation's electricity from wind energy by 2030. This paper provides observations and challenges identified with wind energy integration with respect to active power control strategies used in implementing frequency regulation at various levels. This paper also discusses the current and future aspects of market regulation of frequency responsive services offered by converter based variable generation technologies and the need for an appropriate utility market structure in order to provide settlements for these capabilities.
There is a growing importance for improving renewable energy policies especially in the United States to achieve a goal of 20% or more of nation's electricity from wind energy by 2030. Governments at various local, state and federal levels often revise the policy design and implementation to encourage renewable electricity generation. This paper illustrates some of the renewable energy policies (especially wind) of Texas at state level and United States at federal level and also discusses issues within those policies. Special focus is put on the following topics: Renewable portfolio standards, Production Tax credits, Feed-in tariffs and Net-metering.
with the increasing grid penetration levels of wind power, there is a large need for the energy reserves for grid support during under-frequency conditions. Such energy reserves are created by operating the wind farm at nonoptimum/deloaded operating points, as well as through storage of excess energy in Batteries. This paper provides technical and economic analysis of the above strategies and thus provides a case comparison of deloaded wind farm to that of wind-Battery system. A simplified Excel-based Proforma financial model has been developed to perform sensitivity analysis, as well as to obtain the impact of these strategies on the cost of energy.
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