The demand and applications of bolstered plastics such as natural, attainable, biodegradable, and fibres were developing worldwide in industries beginning from home utilities to aerospace applications. The high cost and weight of synthetic fibres were bolstered by a multitude of concerns. Subsequently, it is far vital to create a natural fibre combination with a matrix to accumulate the most efficient common presentation. In this present study, a composite is made of a natural fibre (jute) reinforced with vinyl ester resin with and without a filler (SiO2). Untreated jute fibres are utilised as reinforcement, while filler materials were used to increase the characteristics of jute fibre and analyse the impact of filler material in the composite. The produced composite was tested for tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and hardness. The SEM study of the fracture surface was also evaluated in the present study. Filler-mixed composites have a 50 percent higher tensile strength than those without fillers, and the remaining attributes have enhanced by at least 5 to 10%. From analysis, filler-mixed composites hold a good mechanical property due to fibre-filler bonding with the help of vinyl ester resin.
BACKGROUND Air in the peritoneal cavity is called as Pneumoperitoneum. Not all the cases of pneumoperitoneum are due to hollow viscus perforation. Most common cause of pneumoperitoneum is due to hollow viscus perforation in 90% cases, mostly due to duodenal ulcer perforation or gastric perforation. In 10% of the cases, the pneumoperitoneum does not indicate the perforation nor warranted the surgery. Pneumoperitoneum that is non-iatrogenic that does not need surgery is called as spontaneous pneumoperitoneum. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study analyses the spontaneous/non-surgical causes of pneumoperitoneum and our experience in our institute for the past 5 years that is from June 2011 to May 2016 and also aims to create awareness about the non-surgical causes of pneumoperitoneum, identifying cases for which negative laparotomy can be avoided. RESULTS In this period 11 patients were identified with nonsurgical causes of pneumoperitoneum, from that 2 patients underwent emergency laparotomy which was negative and 9 patients were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION In our study totally 11 patients were presented with pneumoperitoneum, out of which 9 patients were managed conservatively and 2 patients underwent negative laparotomy. Most common cause of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in our study is thoracic cause.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The innate immune responses to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) are not fully known. Using samples from MIS-C, we will assess the cellular responses and develop a novel Tri-Specific Killer Engager (TRiKE) that engages innate immune cells to improve those responses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We collected blood samples from 60 pediatric patients from which we isolated plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We received blood samples from 13 MIS-C, 32 severe acute COVID, 5 COVID-19 asymptomatic, and 15 COVID-19 negative patients. Using plasma, we then performed ELISAs to determine IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 and plaque reduction neutralization tests to determine neutralizing antibody functions. We isolated DNA to look at Fc receptor genetics. We also utilized utilize flow cytometry assays determine the phagocytosis and killing abilities of the innate cells from these patients. This data will be correlated with clinical outcomes. Additionally, we have developed a novel SARS-CoV-2 TRiKE which directs natural killer (NK) cell killing specifically to of COVID-19 infected cells. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: MIS-C patients had higher IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 compared to children with symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID. MIS-C patients also neutralized SARS-CoV-2 more effectively than children with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19. We found natural killer cells and monocytes are dysfunctional in MIS-C patients and do not kill SARS-CoV-2 infected cells as well. Specifically, NK cells do not kill COVID-19 infected cells as well. To combat this, we have successfully generated and are now testing a Tri-Specific Killer engager (TRiKE) which binds one ends to NK cells, one end to the Spike protein on COVID-19 infected cells and contains IL-15 to improve NK cell function. We anticipate that we can improve NK cell killing of COVID-19 infected cells with this TRiKE. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found that MIS-C patients have antibodies that can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 but that that innate immune cells that engage antibodies are dysfunctional. We are have successfully developed and are targeting this response with a TRiKE to improve innate immune cell functional; this may serve as an adjunctive therapeutic if proven successful.
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