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Predation may significantly control number and density of coexisting species. The effects of predation on species diversity have traditionally been tested in experiments and theoretical models of simple trophic systems. In complex natural ecosystems, however, disentangling multiple sources of variation is difficult. In groundwater‐fed environments, a significant effect of predation can be expected due to the relatively stable environmental conditions; however, it has never been properly examined. We analysed species diversity and total abundance of macroinvertebrate assemblages in 48 Western Carpathian spring fens, separately for whole sites and mesohabitat/season, and partitioned the effects of predation intensity from those of environmental variables in robust models using a bootstrapping technique. We verified our results by accounting for taxa resistant to predation. The assumption that predation‐mediated coexistence of species is the main mechanism responsible for the relatively species‐rich assemblages in the Western Carpathian spring fens was not supported. However, predation may significantly influence abundance of non‐predatory species and, under some conditions, it may contribute to explaining patterns in species diversity. The effect of predation did not differ between the mesohabitats with different stability. However, we found higher environmental control in spring and a stronger effect of predators in autumn, which suggests that different mechanisms influence fen assemblages in different seasons. Our study provides a new robust approach how to test the effect of predation on natural macroinvertebrate assemblages. The importance of predation was lower than expected in equilibrium assemblages but it may vary in time.

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Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are recognized as biodiversity hotspots, being, apart many negative human impacts, highly threatened also by ongoing climate warming. Clitellata (Annelida) are dominant invertebrates of permanent fauna in spring habitats, representing a heterogeneous group including both specialized coldstenothermic and ubiquitous eurythermic species. Therefore, they seem to be a good model group to compare the effects of local springwater temperature (recorded in situ by data loggers) and mesoclimate (i.e., local) air temperature. By the analysis of clitellate assemblages at 41 isolated Western Carpathian spring fens, we found that their species composition was significantly driven by mesoclimate air temperature and springwater temperature independently of other important environmental variables (i.e., water mineralization, oxygen content, and total organic carbon). The effect of various environment-related and temperature-related variables on the number of clitellate species was analyzed separately for two categories, that is, substrate dwellers (endobenthic species) and surface-active (epibenthic) species. The decrease of the number of species with the increasing amount of inorganic particles <500 µm in substrate was observed in the substrate dwellers. Mesoclimate air temperature had no significant effect on the number of species of substrate dwellers.However, water temperature, specifically its daily fluctuation, turned out to have a strong effect. Only the sites with no or moderate fluctuation were inhabited by coldstenotherm spring specialists and cold-water species. In contrast, no significant response to any temperature parameter was found for the number of surface-active species, which was driven only by other environmental variables. Our results suggest that climatically induced increase in temperature fluctuation of spring waters can result in notable reduction of cold-adapted clitellate species (mainly the family Lumbriculidae) at the expense of eurythermic species. Such a scenario predicts compositional changes leading to clitellate assemblages with a dominance of generalist and semi-aquatic species. K E Y W O R D Sclimate warming, clitellates, mesoclimate, spring fens, water temperature

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Translation of the Bible or any other text unavoidably involves a determination about its meaning. There have been different views of meaning from ancient times up to the present, and a particularly Enlightenment and Modernist view is that the meaning of a text amounts to whatever the original author of the text intended it to be. This article analyzes the authorial-intent view of meaning in comparison with other models of literary and legal interpretation. Texts are anchors to interpretation but are subject to individualized interpretations. It is texts that are translated, not intentions. The challenge to the translator is to negotiate the meaning of a text and try to choose the most salient and appropriate interpretation as a basis for bringing the text to a new audience through translation.