Abstract. The bioremediation is a technique used in descontamination water, soil, o sludge, which consist of the use of living microorganisms and plant for degradation of pollutants by metabolic processes. Wastewater is often used in agriculture due to the limited availability of water resource, but also because wastewater provides nutrients for crops, and reduces cost production for some agricultural regions. However, its reuse as a source of irrigation in agriculture must first involve the use of bioremediation techniques. Until 2012, in Mexico, treated municipal wastewater accounted for about 50% of all wastewater generated. This suggests that greater efforts are needed to generate efficient alternatives to increase the volume of treated wastewater, and thus meet the demand for this resource in the agricultural sector. This review discusses in general the use and reuse of treated wastewater through bioremediation techniques. The objetive of this research is to review the state of the art bioremediation and wastewater reuse for agriculture in Mexico.

The variability in the phytochemical concentrations of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum has not been extensively analyzed among wild populations and ecologic niches in its phylogeographic area. This study aimed to determine the variations in the phytochemical and antioxidant contents of the wild Piquin chili. The total flavonoid content of hydroalcoholic extracts (0.06 to 0.70 mg equivalent of quercetin per gram of dry weight (mg QE/g DW)), free radical‐scavenging capacity for 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radicals (0.55 to 8.55 mm TE/g DW), amount of 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) in aqueous extracts (18.13 to 107.6 mm TE/g DW) and pungency (21,760 to 88,476 Scoville heat units) were highly variable. By analyzing the spatial distribution using the first three principal components, correlations between the phytochemical content and the free radical‐scavenging capacity (in both extracts) and flavonoid and phenolic contents (in the hydroalcoholic extract) were observed. Consistent with the statistical analysis, the spatial analysis showed intraregional differences in composition patterns, with an emphasis on central and coastal areas. Flavonoid contents, polyphenol contents and free radical‐scavenging activity were the phytochemical components that mainly contributed to the diversity of the population.

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Equisetum myriochaetum is a semi-aquatic plant found on riverbanks that is commonly used in traditional medicine as a diuretic agent. Additionally, the genus Equisetum stands out for its content of the flavonoid kaempferol, a well-known antiproliferative agent. Therefore, in this study, E. myriochaetum ethanolic extract was tested in vitro against a cervical cancer cell line (SiHa). Additionally, the antioxidative activity was evaluated through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) assay. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin on the active site of β-tubulin was performed to investigate their potential mechanism of action. All fractions of E. myriochaetum ethanolic extract showed antioxidative activity. Fraction 14 displayed an antiproliferative capacity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.78 μg/mL against SiHa cells.

ResumenLa mosca mexicana de la fruta Anastrepha ludens (Loew), es una de las plagas de mayor impacto en la citricultura en Tamaulipas. Ataca hospederos de importancia comercial como la naranja, toronja y mandarinas restringiendo su movilidad comercial a mercados nacionales o internacionales. En este estudio a partir de la fluctuación poblacional durante los años 2008 a 2011 de A. ludens en el área de Santa Engracia se determinaron tres periodos con base a la presencia del insecto y su relación con la temperatura promedio: eneroabril, mayo-agosto y septiembre-diciembre. La estadística descriptiva destacó la variabilidad entre las observaciones, sugiriendo una heterogeneidad en las densidades del insecto. El MTD (mosca/trampa x día) promedio semanal se relacionó con diferentes variables climáticas mediante un análisis de regresión lineal y múltiple, observándose correlaciones débiles en general debido a la variación del MTD promedio. La temperatura mínima fue la variable más consistente y con mayor ajuste. La temperatura mínima y máxima en la regresión múltiple representaron las variables explicatorias para cada año, mientras que la precipitación no presentó una asociación clara con el MTD promedio quizás por actividades de riego dentro de las áreas comerciales o por una influencia desfasada. Se observó una asociación AbstractThe Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) is a pest of great impact on citrus in Tamaulipas.

Anastrepha obliqua Macquart and Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent persistent pests of quarantine significance affecting mango and citrus agroecosystems, respectively, in Mexico. We aimed to analyze the population dynamics of A. obliqua and A. ludens and the effects of endogenous and exogenous factors on the population regulation in the neotropical limits of Mexico. We explored endogenous dynamics of A. obliqua and A. ludens populations based on short sequences of time series data of adult captures from 2008 to 2010. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between the rate of population change (Rt) and population density as an endogenous factor, and temperature, precipitation, fruit availability, and the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOi) as exogenous factors. Autocorrelation and partial‐rate correlation functions were used to evaluate the endogenous dynamics of populations. Generalized least square models including autoregressive–moving‐average structures were performed to assess the relationships between the Rt and endogenous and exogenous factors. Results revealed annual patterns in the population fluctuation for both Anastrepha obliqua and A. ludens. Anastrepha obliqua and A. ludens population peaks occurred from August to September–October, and from January to July, respectively. The dynamics of the Rt suggest persistent pest populations modulated by a first‐order feedback structure, although higher orders in feedback structures were also exhibited. Significant relationships between Rt and population density, temperature, fruit availability, and the NAOi were observed. These findings may be a technical and ecological basis to design environmentally friendly strategies against wild populations under an area‐wide integrated pest management (AW‐IPM) approach.

The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important pests of citrus in Mexico. We report the results of an analysis of A. ludens populations that inhabit the semi-arid highlands of the Sierra Madre Oriental in northeastern Mexico. This study aimed to provide information on population fluctuation of A. ludens and how it relates to climate variables, as well as insights into habitat and native parasitoids. Population peaked in the period July-November when ripe fruits of the wild host, Casimiroa pubescens Ramírez, were available. No adults were captured the rest of the year, suggesting that high populations depend on the availability of wild host fruit. No significant relationships between population fluctuation and climatic variables were observed, except for minimum temperature. Fruit samples of citron (Citrus medica L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), and C. pubescens were collected to determine degree of infestation. Infestation levels (pupae/g) ranged between 0.0006 for citron, 0.0047 for pomegranate, and 0.0240 for C. pubescens. A native parasitoid of Tephritidae, Doryctobracon crawfordii (Viereck) (Braconidae), was identified. Parasitism percentage was calculated at 12.5% on C. pubescens fruits. No parasitoids were observed on citron or pomegranate fruit samples. These results contribute to knowledge on behavior of A. ludens native to temperate environments where no commercial hosts are available. Further research on host expansion of this pest in light of scenarios of global climate change is suggested.

Large citrus areas in Tamaulipas are affected by Anastrepha ludens (Loew) populations. Here we report the findings of a spatio-temporal analysis of A. ludens on an extended citrus area from 2008-2011 aimed at analyzing the probabilities of A. ludens infestation and developing an infestation risk classification for citrus production. A Geographic Information System combined with the indicator kriging geostatistics technique was used to assess A. ludens adult densities in the spring and fall. During the spring, our models predicted higher probabilities of infestation in the western region, close to the Sierra Madre Oriental, than in the east. Although a patchy distribution of probabilities was observed in the fall, there was a trend toward higher probabilities of infestation in the west than east. The final raster models summarized the probability maps using a three-tiered infestation risk classification (low-, medium-, and high risk). These models confirmed the greater infestation risk in the west in both seasons. These risk classification data support arguments for the use of the sterile insect technique and biological control in this extended citrus area and will have practical implications for the area-wide integrated pest management carried out by the National Program Against Fruit Flies in Tamaulipas, Mexico.