Epidemiological studies indicate a high incidence of cigarette smoking among depressed individuals. Moreover, individuals with a history of depression have a much harder time giving up smoking. It has been postulated that smoking may reflect an attempt at self-medication with nicotine by these individuals. Although some animal and human studies suggest that nicotine may act as an antidepressant, further verification of this hypothesis and involvement of nicotinic cholinergic system in depressive symptoms is required. Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats have been proposed as an animal model of depression. These rats, selectively bred for their hyperresponsiveness to cholinergic stimulation, show an exaggerated immobility in the forced swim test compared to their control Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. Acute or chronic (14 days) administration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) significantly improved the performance of the FSL but not the FRL rats in the swim test. The effects of nicotine on swim test were dissociable from its effects on locomotor activity. Moreover, the FSL rats had significantly higher [3H]cytisine binding (selective for the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor subtype) but not [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding (selective for the alpha7 subtype) in the frontal cortex, striatum, midbrain and colliculi compared to FRL rats. These data strongly implicate the involvement of central nicotinic receptors in the depressive characteristics of the FSL rats, and suggest that nicotinic agonists may have therapeutic benefits in depressive disorders.

These data support the hypothesis that the reinforcing effects of ethanol are at least partially mediated through the nicotinic receptors in the VTA. Furthermore, administration of selective nicotinic antagonists may be of therapeutic potential in reducing the rewarding effects of ethanol. The data also suggest that the combined effects of ethanol and nicotine on the "reward pathway" may be a contributing factor to the high incidence of smoking in alcoholics.

These data support the hypothesis that the reinforcing effects of ethanol are at least partially mediated through the nicotinic receptors in the VTA. Furthermore, administration of selective nicotinic antagonists may be of therapeutic potential in reducing the rewarding effects of ethanol. The data also suggest that the combined effects of ethanol and nicotine on the "reward pathway" may be a contributing factor to the high incidence of smoking in alcoholics.

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