Liposomes, sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were fi rst described in the mid-60s. Nowadays, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and device in various scientifi c disciplines, including medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, colloid science, biology, physics, biophysics, mathematics and theoretical. After the initial discoveries liposomes have made their way to the market. Among numerous brilliant new drug delivery systems developed, liposomes characterize an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present, several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional vesicles to 'second-generation liposomes', in which long-circulating liposomes are obtained by modulating the lipid composition, size, and charge of the vesicle. Liposomes with modifi ed surfaces have also been developed using several molecules, such as glycolipids or sialic acid. This paper mini review summarizes exclusively Nano-lipids, its applications in medicine scalable techniques in treating dreadful diseases cancer, AIDS, paralysis etcand focuses on strengths, respectively, limitations in respect to industrial applicability and regulatory requirements concerning liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA documents.

Nanoparticles have been one of the emerging tools in medical field as a technology well-suited for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. They have been heralded as efficacious owing to both in terms of improved therapeutic efficacy as well as reduction of treatment side effects in some cases. Various nanomaterials have been developed which can be tagged with targeting moieties, and with drug delivery and imaging capability or combination of both as theranostic agent.Biotechnology to a large extent relies greatly on biomolecules such as proteins and DNA. Research in the field of bio technology will undeniably profit with the initiation of chemical and materials synthesis (e.g. multifunctional nanoparticle systems) that allows fusion of these biomolecules to nanostructured inorganic and organic materials. These nanomaterials have been thoroughly investigated for treatment and detection of various pathological conditions. This mini review highlights, the shape, size of nanoparticles to demonstrate the current research and applications of nanoparticles in the treatment of kidney diseases.

The past decade has seen a surge in the development of research on nanomaterial in the area of mixed metal oxides to fabricate ultrathin films, also known as nanosheets. In this review, different fabrication techniques of metal oxide nanosheets, such as vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxide, are presented. The chapter has also highlighted different ways of how to create smaller, affordable, lighter, and faster devices using vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxides. A detailed description of the synthesis and characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for various shapes of nanomaterials is discussed in detail including factors that influence the orientation of nanosheets.