Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus) is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia either due to a deficiency of insulin secretion or due to a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion to compensate glucose level in blood. Type 1 DM (Diabetes Mellitus) is due to the destruction of pancreatic Islet β cell by an autoimmune process. Type 2 is a more prevalent and common form of Diabetes Mellitus and results from insulin resistance with a defect in compensatory insulin secretions. In Ayurveda, diabetes is commonly known as Prameha. It is categorized as Vataj (dryness), Pittaj (fire) and Kaphaj (oiliness). The dominance of kapha dosha in prameha defines that the pittaj and kaphaj types are easily curable with the medication due to their compatibility with dushyas (tissues that are vitiated by doshas) they categorized under Type 2 DM. The Vataj prameha afflicts the deeper dhatus (essential tissues) like majja etc. for which they have very serious nature, they are incurable, cause many complications and acute emergency conditions. If all forms of pramehas are not treated eventually develop into Madhumeha (Vataj) (chronic stage of DM). To overcome the adverse effects of medications some efforts should be done to control Prameha with pranayama (nostril breathing), yoga nidra (body relaxation), dhayana (meditation), paschimottan asanas, ardhamatsyendra asana, sarvanga, savasana etc. with proper dietary habits by avoiding starchy food, fibers and proteins. The aerobic exercises should also be performed to reduce the metabolic risk factors in prameha.
In the present world there is a prevalence of various diseases as the people are not so aware about their health and dietary habits. The diseases more often affect the health of population due to the resistance to various organisms and viruses, causing the disease. In spite of a balanced diet, daily exercises and yoga practices, the people are more prone to develop the diseases. The main reason behind this may be the lack of ojas (immunity) due to various factors i.e. mental and physical stress in this modern world. Acharyas, in past also explained these factors for the loss of ojas. The ojas is the essence of all the seven dhatus (essential tissues), which provides the health when present in normal state. The ojas eventually present or circulate in whole body to fight against the foreign particles (virus and bacteria) to make the body free from disease. Not only the ojas protect against various physical diseases but also make keep check and wellness of mental health as a para ojas (specific immunity), which resides in the heart. Ojas implies a resistance against the loss of integrity, proportion and inter-relationship amongst the individual's doshas (physiological components of body) and dhatus. So clinically there is a great importance of ojas in the well-being of mental and physical health. In the short words the vyadikshamatva (acquired immunity) is maintained by the ojas in normal state and measurement in body to imply the resistance against the diseases (vyadhi) and provides the rapid recovery.
Knowledge of medical sciences and arts only is not sufficient to qualify a medical practitioner but he is expected to be acquainted with a number of other sciences which are likely to bear some relation to life. A full conception of science will never be attained by the knowledge of only a part of it. If a man be well read in Charak but ignorant of even the name of diseases described in Sushrat and other works or if he be not wanting in practical methods but wholly ignorant of Charak what can such a poorly equipped man do to relieve the ailment of patients. Three methods to obtain the knowledge are Adhyayana (Study), Adhyapana (Teaching) and Sambhasha (participating in debates), from which the last method 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field) is being discussed in detail. In the ancient period the method is known as Sambhasha, as the time changed from ancient to modern era it takes the form of Symposium. The methodologies and purposes of both are similar along with the discussion methods while following the rules and regulations with the introduction of new techniques and advancement of technology. Today many milestones achieved in the field of Ayurveda by organizing the committees like Chopra and Pandit committee to debate for the promotion of education and practice of Ayurveda in country.
Shvitra (vitiligo) is an acquired de-pigmentation disorder manifested as white macules on the skin which causes significant psychological stress and social stigmatization. This disease is triggered by to the improper functioning of the melanocytes which are responsible for skin pigmentation. The correlation of vitiligo in Ayurveda is considered with shvitra. The three type of shvitra are mainly treated with different types of samshamna, lepa and samshodana karma like vamana, virechana etc. The reasons to develop this disease are also considered as the un-truthful, ungratefulness and disrespect the gods, sinful acts etc. These causative factors including oral as well as mental sinful disposition of this present life and previous life. So clinically this study requires some validation of various therapies like samshodhana, samshana, phototherapy etc. in shvitra as acharyas considered this disease in a karmaja category over the vitiligo, as modern science does not add any specific treatment like this as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts with special reference to vitiligo.
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