According to various sources, after 2014 there was a clear decline in GDP and the level of income in Ukraine, which, taking into account the interdependence between economic growth and the condition of the labor market, translated into significant difficulties in the structure of resources and the activity of the local workforce. The source of these difficulties turned out to be not only the price factor, but also non-price factors such as poor protection of employee rights, lack of social protection and social security, as well as payment gridlocks on the employer-employee line. This forced many Ukrainians to sometimes make dramatic decisions about economic emigration, mainly to European Union countries, including Poland. According to various estimates, there are currently 7 to 9 million Ukrainian citizens working abroad who contribute to the development of the economies of other countries. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian labor market is in a very difficult situation. Based on the analysis of official statistical data, an attempt was made to characterize the Ukrainian labor market, its main determinants were outlined and Ukrainians’ attitudes towards changes on the domestic labor market were determined. The research used critical literature analysis, statistical description methods, spatial analysis methods and case study method. Based on the conducted analyzes, it was shown that in the years 2010–2017 the Ukrainian labor market was struggling with a number of unfavorable phenomena, which was significantly aggravated by the political crisis at the turn of 2013 and 2014.
Retrospective-chorological specificities of the appearance of Armenian ethnic element on the territory of Bukovyna and the City of Chernivtsi were disclosed. Population dynamics within the Armenian ethnic community of Chernivtsi based on the censuses held within 1774 – 2001 and said community’s participation in economic, public and political life of the city, as well as in cultural and educational activity were analyzed. Armenians for the first time appeared in Bukovyna as far back as in times of the Kiev Rus and the Principality of Galicia and Volyn as international traders. The first Armenian settlers lived in Chernivtsi beginning from the «pre-Austrian» time, and their community was always compact usually covering areas around and praying in the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Cross that had the Armenian St George’s Altar until they built their own cathedral. It was in 1783 that the Armenian catholic religious community for the first time appeared in Chernivtsi. The first Armenian residents of Chernivtsi were predominantly engaged in trade, or were doctors, engineers, landowners, manufacturers and highly ranked state officers. With time, the houses of the Chernivtsi Armenians concentrated in a new «Armenian block», that is, in the area of present-day Armenian Street, Jacob von Petrovich Street, Ukrainian Street and the Armenian Lane. The block had the Armenian Catholic Church built in its center in 1869-1875 to become a focus of the spiritual life of Bukovynian Armenians, and later the center was added by the parochial house and the Armenian bursa for school goers. The Register of Objects of Cultural Heritage and the Present of Armenian Community of Chernivtsi was developed and the point-based assessment of their tourism attractiveness was introduced. The quantitative relative assessment of tourism attractiveness of 26 objects of cultural heritage totally made 78 points, while the mapping of the same allowed for disclosure of specificities of their territorial disposition and development of optimal Armenian excursion route. Following the significance, spatial distribution and territorial structure, we distinguished between localized (items and centers), linear and spatial elements of the Armenian ethnographic space. The items are represented by tourism objects of aesthetic, scientific and historical value, e.g., buildings where outstanding persons either lived, studied or worked; Roman Catholic Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross with the Armenian St George’s Altar; social maintenance establishments (former Armenian bursa); monuments (Jacob von Petrovich) and the sites of memory. The centers are tourism objects of Armenian culture represented by functioning institutions and establishments, such as Armenian Church, Sunday school, national/cultural associations. The linear elements are the city streets (Armenian Street, personalized Jacob von Petrovich Street and Karol Mikuli Street), and the spatial (area) elements are conditioned by the fact of ethnic groups’ compact settlement. The hugest concentration of the Armenian ethnic tourism objects is found in the area around the Armenian Church (13 objects possessing 33 points of total attractiveness). Keywords: Armenian ethnic community; cultural heritage; ethno-tourism objects; excursion route; city of Chernivtsi.
Goals: disclosure of the effect of population's ethnic structure upon formation of poly-cultural space of the city that represents the basis for the development of ethnic tourism; analysis of potentialities for development of ethnic tourism in poly-ethnic City of Chernivtsi. Methods: processing of statistical and analytical materials using such methods of geographical research as systems-structural and diachronic, descriptive, comparative-geographical and statistical analyses. Study results. Chernivtsi is a vivid example of poly-ethnic urban space, the fact which is confirmed by the diachronic analysis of the index of ethnic variety (1880 – 0,941, 1930 – 0,964, 1970 – 0,705). Ukrainians, Jews, Germans, Poles, Rumanians, Moldavians, Armenians, Czechs, Hungarians, Russians, etc were among the largest ethnic groups of the city; the citizens were an ethnically mixed and foreign ethnicity population. Ethnic communities of Chernivtsi have created their own material, cultural and spiritual heritage that formed the basis for ethnic-cultural potential and development of ethnographic excursion routes. Ethnic tourism as one of the most popular and perspective types of cultural-cognitive tourism and an important direction for strengthening tourism image involves foreign tourists and allows for integration and representation of Chernivtsi in the European and world tourism markets. Scientific novelty of this research is that tourism objects of Chernivtsi were grouped and systemized according to their ethnic belonging and the point-based scale of said objects' attractiveness was introduced. To improve the ethnic tourism activity in Chernivtsi, we have considered not only its strengths (10 positions) and capacities (11 positions) but also the weak sides (10 positions) and threats (8 positions), all these being presented in the SWOT-analysis of the development of ethnic tourism in Chernivtsi. Practical significance: the study results will be sent to Coordination Council for Tourism Development at the Chernivtsi Region State Administration to help develop plans of tourism activity and introduce new ethnographic excursion routes; national-cultural associations (Chernivtsi Regional Adam Mickiewicz Association of Polish Culture, "Arevik", Chernivtsi Region Armenian National-Cultural Association) for their educational activity and organization of ethnographic excursions in poly-cultural Chernivtsi.
The algorithm and the methods of social-geographic study of ethnic tourism within poly-ethnic environment of a big city have been suggested. The stages to study ethnic tourism resources have been analyzed as follows: the study of geographical and historical specificities of formation of population ethnic structure; establishment of the degree of population ethnic variety and its dynamics; the study of the material and the spiritual cultural heritage of ethnic groups; quantitative estimation of attractiveness of ethnic tourism objects; mapping of ethnic tourism objects and development of ethnographic excursion routes. Chernivtsi as polyethnic and multi-cultural city is a notable example of sustainability of the development of ethnic tourism. The poly-ethnicity and multiculturality of the city was favored by its ethno-geographic disposition at the junction of three ethnic lands and the centuries-old history when the city was part of different states where each state essentially effected on population’s ethnic structure and left its imprint on city-planning and architectural environment as well as on its citizens’ material and spiritual culture. Chernivtsi is regarded to be an architectural pearl (represented by various architectural styles), and is downtown possesses the status of the area of conservation. The Government has registered 706 monuments of cultural heritage in Chernivtsi, where 20 monuments are of national value, and the architectural ensemble of the former residency of Bukovynian and Dalmatian Metropolitans is included into the UN List of World Heritage Sites. The objects of cultural heritage of the old city were grouped and systemized by their ethnic belonging. Relative quantitative (point-based) evaluation of ethnic tourism resources was conducted as to degree of their attractiveness. The whole diversity of ethnic tourism resources was for the purpose of primary point-based evaluation grouped into 15 blocks, each of them having their own specificity, own cognitive and attractive potentiality, and own methods of their study. Evaluation scales take into account the significance, aesthetic attractiveness, and the informative value of ethnic tourism objects. Ukrainians, Germans, Austrians, Romanians and Moldavians, Jews, Poles, Armenians were those ethnic groups that left the most notable “traces” in the material and spiritual cultural heritage within the poly-ethnic space of Chernivtsi. Mapping the objects of ethnic tourism allowed for the establishment of particularities of spatial disposition of the objects of respective ethnic culture and subsequent development of excursion routes to the biggest ethnic communities of Chernivtsi. Novelty. The objects of cultural heritage of Chernivtsi were grouped and systemized according to their ethnic belonging; the attractiveness of all ethnic tourism objects was evaluated according to developed point-based scale. Mapping the objects of ethnic tourism was helpful in the development of ethnographic excursion routes to the biggest ethnic communities of the city.
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