Lead as any heavy metals may be found in soil, water, air, and is used in everyday life. Once in the body, it causes toxic effect, making the liver, which is one of the main organs of detoxification, suffer. Recently, the study of the action of not only ionic forms of lead, but also its nanoparticles, has become topical. The study aims at determining changes in the liver of rats and biochemical changes in their blood both at late term of exposure to nanoparticles of lead compounds and in the post-exposure period. The study was performed on 120 male rats of Wistar line, which were divided into two series, each series containing four groups. The first and the second groups of animals were intraperitoneally injected with colloidal solution of nanoparticles of lead sulfide of 10 and 30 nm in size, and the third group were intraperitoneally injected with a solution of lead nitrate. The fourth group of animals served as control. In the first series, the investigated substances were administered 60 times within 12 weeks. In the second series, after 60-fold administration of the investigated substances, the exposure was discontibued and animals were observed for 6 weeks-overall duration of 18 weeks. Histological, morphometrical and biochemical methods were used. The body weight was reduced in the rats exposed to PbS at week 12 of experiment and in rats exposed to both PbS and Pb(NO ) in the second series. Absolute liver weight increased at week 12 of experiment in all experimental groups. In the second series this value almost reached that of the control level. Relative liver weight in the animals of all experimental groups was higher than that in the control at week 12 of experiment. In the second series this value remained higher in rats exposed to PbS . After 12 weeks of exposure dystrophic changes in the liver were found in all experimental groups. At week 6 after the exposure (the second series) destructive changes in the liver decreased. Total protein, albumin, glucose, total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides content in blood serum corresponded with morphological data. The experiment has demonstrated that the 12 weeks long exposure to lead nanoparticles had harmful effect on the liver. Within the postexposure 6-weeks period structural changes in the liver and biochemical changes in blood serum decreased. Biochemical changes in blood serum corresponded to the morphological data. By many parameters PbS had more pronounced harmful effect. Toxicity of PbS and Pb(NO ) were comparable.
The aim: Нygienic assessment of labour conditions and risks for the Ukrainian agricultural personnel treating berries and melon crops with fungicides, herbicides and insecticides for justification of their safe use regulations. Materials and methods: Natural studies of labour conditions and risk correspond to the acting laws of Ukraine. The results were statistically treated using IBM SPSS StatisticsBase v.22. Results: The natural studies of fungicides, insecticides, used for treatment of berries and melon crops, show that labour air environment corresponds to hygienic standards. The authors have established that the hazard index of complex fungicides effect on spray fueling attendants and tractor drivers is 0.110}0.046 and 0.155}0.071, that of herbicides – 0.34}0.025 and 0.380}0.257, that of insecticides – 0.221}0.111 and 0.222}0.110, respectively; hazard index of combined effect of several acting substances makes up– 0.239}0.088 and 0.336}0.140 for spray fueling attendants and tractor drivers, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the hazard coefficients of inhalation and percutaneous penetration do not differ statistically between spray fueling attendants and tractor drivers (р>0.05). The percutaneous risk (%) of various pesticide groups for spray fueling attendants ranges 65.74-97.58 %, for tractor drivers – 50.72-95.23 %. Conclusions: The analysis has shown that the professional risk of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, during agricultural treatment of the berries and melon crops does not exceed standards.
The aim: Assessment of the hazard to the population when consuming treated crops by using different technologies. Materials and methods: Unmanned aerial vehicle XAG XPlanet 2020 equipped with four rotating rotors, which allows to keep in the air a 20-liter tank was used for spraying field; a manned aircraft AN-2 aggregated with a serial sprayer. High-clearance rod treatment of sunflower and rapeseed crops was carried out by using a PLA MAP II 2010 tractor. Results: When the herbicide was applied by aerial application with UAV, the initial content of diquat dibromide in treated rapeseed and sunflower plants on the day of treatment was significantly higher than in the soil under crops (р≤0.05). The analysis of the diquat content dynamics in sunflower also showed a similar behavior of the a.i. in the plant after processing by another application methods: UAV, aerial and high-clearance rod treatment. The integral index of hazard when using pesticide-contaminated products (IIHPCPC) = ADD+С+ DT50 = 4+1+1 = 6 points. That is why, diquat dibromide can be classified according to this index can be classified as compound of 3rd hazard class. Conclusions: As a result of the conducted researches, it was established that the content of diquat in rapeseed and sunflower samples grown with the Reglone Air 200 SL application (after treatment and before harvesting) was below the maximum residue levels in those crops. There are no statistically significant differences in the behavior of diquat dibromide when applying by different methods of application (UAV, aerial, high-clearance rod treatment) in different agro-climatic zones of Ukraine.
Annotation. UAVs have many advantages over traditional aerial application methods, including greater accuracy, efficiency, availability, cost-effectiveness, and safety, as well as improved data collection and real-time monitoring. The absence of appropriate rules and regulations that would govern the use of agrodrones can jeopardize the health of people, animals and plants, and can also negatively affect environmental objects. The aim is to substantiate recommendations for the safe aerial application of pesticides using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Field research was conducted in the Vinnytsia, Kyiv, and Zhytomyr regions of Ukraine in 2019-2022 using the most common models of agricultural drones DJI Agras T16 and XAG XPlanet 2020. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using a package of licensed statistical programs IBM SPSS Statistics Base v.22, Jupyter Notebook 6.4.8 and Python 3.11. Based on studies we have conducted, we recommend maintaining the following protective zones for various objects: 500 m from settlements, animal husbandry complexes, work sites dedicated to the manual care and cultivation of agricultural crops, reservoirs and recreational areas; from fishing reservoirs, open sources of water supply, grazing places for domestic animals, objects of the nature reserve fund, areas for sowing crops that are used for food without heat treatment – 2 km; from the place of permanent residence of honey bees – 3 km. If there are apiaries near the location of aerial application, it is necessary to notify the beekeepers in advance 12 hours before the start of application, so that the beekeeper has time to take measures for the safety of the bees. The point of remote piloting of the UAV (ground control station of the drone and refueling of the sprayer tank) must be located at a distance of at least 25 m from the field border. Thus, we have developed recommendations that will simplify the use of agricultural drones, a promising technique for the agro-industrial complex, while minimizing risks for workers, the population, and the environment. The hygienic aspect of the use of UAVs needs further comprehensive and detailed study.
The aim: Assessment of students’ youth’ nutrition by components introduction of nutrition correction methods. Materials and methods: The following methods have been used in the study: analytical, questionnaire method (the authors composed a questionnaire chart for complex assessment of life style components), statistical (the data received statistical analysis by the licensed in Ukraine software IBM SPSS Statistics Base v.22, with academic lifetime license). Results: The authors have found that medical students’ nutrition style can be characterized as unbalanced and polydeficient. The detected non-observance of the nutritional regimen and real students’ youth nutrition justify implementation of preventive measures, aimed at decreasing risks of the alimentary and alimentary-dependent diseases. Conclusions: The paper contains recommendations on the main ways of the students’ youth nutrition regimens correction.
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