Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies.
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is a new non-thermal food preservation method that works by converting light energy into heat. LED has potential to revolutionize crop production, protection and preservation. This technology is economical and environmentally friendly. LEDs have been shown to improve the nutritive quality and shelf life of foods, control the ripening of fruits, induce the synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidants and reduce the microbial contamination. This technology also has great scope in countries, where safety, hygiene, storage and distribution of foods are serious issues. While comparing this technology with other lighting technologies, LEDs can bring numerous advantages to food supply chain from farm to fork. In case of small growing amenities which exploit only LEDs, energy expenditure has been successfully reduced while producing nutritious food. LEDs can be used to give us better understanding and control over production and preservation of food with relation to spectral composition of light. LEDs also play significant role in food safety by inactivating the food borne pathogens. Therefore, LED lighting is a very effective and promising technology for extending shelf life of agricultural produce by increasing disease resistance and with increased nutritional values.
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This paper presents a novel approach of designing linear phase FIR low pass and high pass filter using Random PSO in hybrid with DE known as Random PSODE (RPSODE). In this paper, the Random PSO is used which utilises the weighted particle to guide the search direction for both explorative and exploitative searches. Differential evolution (DE) is one of the very fast and robust evolutionary algorithms which has shown superior performance for continuous global optimization; uses differential information to guide its search direction but sometime causes instability problem; whereas, PSO is a robust, population based stochastic search technique but has the problem of sub-optimality . This paper efficiently combines the Random PSO and DE so as to overcome the disadvantages faced by both the algorithms individually and is used for the design of linear phase low pass and high pass FIR filters. The simulation results show the superiority of RPSODE in global convergence properties and local search ability, and prove it to be a promising candidate for designing the FIR filters. RPSODE outperforms PSO, DE, and PSODE not only in magnitude response but in the convergence speed as well.
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