The scale, volume, and distribution speed of disinformation raise concerns in governments, businesses, and citizens. To respond effectively to this problem, we first need to disambiguate, understand, and clearly define the phenomenon. Our online information landscape is characterized by a variety of different types of false information. There is no commonly agreed typology framework, specific categorization criteria, and explicit definitions as a basis to assist the further investigation of the area. Our work is focused on filling this need. Our contribution is twofold. First, we collect the various implicit and explicit disinformation typologies proposed by scholars. We consolidate the findings following certain design principles to articulate an all-inclusive disinformation typology. Second, we propose three independent dimensions with controlled values per dimension as categorization criteria for all types of disinformation. The taxonomy can promote and support further multidisciplinary research to analyze the special characteristics of the identified disinformation types.

Purpose This paper aims to research, identify and discuss the benefits and overall role of big data and artificial intelligence (BDAI) in the tourism sector, as this is depicted in recent literature. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted under the McKinsey’s Global Institute (Talwar and Koury, 2017) methodological perspective that identifies the four ways (i.e. project, produce, promote and provide) in which BDAI creates value. The authors enhanced this analysis methodology by depicting relevant challenges as well. Findings The findings imply that BDAI create value for the tourism sector through appropriately identified disseminations. The benefits of adopting BDAI strategies include increased efficiency, productivity and profitability for tourism suppliers combined with an extremely rich and personalized experience for travellers. The authors conclude that challenges can be bypassed by adopting a BDAI strategy. Such an adoption will stand critical for the competitiveness and resilience of existing established and new players in the tourism sector. Originality/value Besides identifying the benefits that BDAI brings in the tourism sector, the research proposes a guidebook to overcome challenges when introducing such new technologies. The exploration of the BDAI literature brings important implication for managers, academicians and consumers. This is the first systematic review in an area and contributes to the broader e-commerce marketing, retailing and e-tourism research.

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This article investigates which public values are prioritised in egovernment policies, what the connection is to governance approaches and how the public value prioritization can be explained. Strategic horizontal e-government policy documents are analysed from 2000 to 2018 in Belgium, the United Kingdom and the European Union. A public value typology is developed which connects three-ideal type governance approaches: (1) hierarchy, (2) market, and (3) network. The results show that market related public values often play a dominant role in e-government policy documents, but so doto a lesser degreenetwork related public values. Hierarchy related public values are seldom dominant. At the national level, four factors explain the prioritization: The attention for a specific governance approach at a given time, the influence of politics, the specific topic of the egovernment policy document and the role of authors. Power distribution at the EU level plays a key role in defining the public values balance. This articles contributes to the knowledge on public values in e-government policies, the wider discussion on governance approaches in public administration and the need to understand the relation between public values and public value creation.

-The use of Enterprise Architectures is becoming increasingly widespread in the private sector. Borrowing insights from enterprise reference architectures developed during the last decade, IT vendors and companies belonging to specific industries are establishing reference data and process models advancing the standardization of their businesses and creating a more integrated environment for their activities. Although public administrations share the same problem of non-standardization, which is being magnified rapidly in a changing and demanding environment, little has been done so far in the direction of integration. This article builds a basis, shows initial directions and attempts to stimulate interest in a PA enterprise framework. Following a top-down approach and employing concepts from the fields of public administration, enterprise integration and generic process and data modeling the outline of the ArchPad enterprise architecture for Public Administration is presented.

Opening public sector information has recently become a trend in many countries around the world. Online government data catalogues with national, regional or local scope act as one-stop data portals providing descriptions of available government datasets. These catalogues though remain isolated. Potential benefits from federating geographically overlapping or thematically complementary catalogues are not realized. We propose an RDF Schema vocabulary as an interchange format among data catalogues and as a way of bringing them into the Web of Linked Data, where they can enjoy interoperability among themselves and with other deployed datasets. The vocabulary's design was informed by a survey of seven data catalogues from five different countries, and has been verified by unifying four data catalogues to allow cross-catalogue queries and browsing.

We tackle the challenges involved in converting raw government data into high-quality Linked Government Data (LGD). Our approach is centred around the idea of self-service LGD which shifts the burden of Linked Data conversion towards the data consumer. The selfservice LGD is supported by a publishing pipeline that also enables sharing the results with sufficient provenance information. We describe how the publishing pipeline was applied to a local government catalogue in Ireland resulting in a significant amount of Linked Data published.

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