3D printing technology attracts considerable attention due to its versatility and possibility of using in different industries such as the aerospace industry, electronics, architecture, medicine and food industry. In the food industry, this innovative technology is called food design. 3D printing is a technology of additive manufacturing, which can help the food industry in the development of new and more complex food products and potentially help manufacture products adapted to specific needs. As a technology that create foods layer by layer, 3D printing can present a new methodology for creating realistic food textures by precise placement of structuring elements in foods, food printing from several materials and design of complex internal structures. In addition to appearance and taste, food consistency is an important factor of acceptability for consumers. The elderly and people with dysphagia not infrequently suffer from undernutrition due to visual or textual unattractiveness of foods. The aim of this review is to study the available literature on 3D printing and assess recent developments in food design technologies. This review considers available studies on 3D food printing and recent developments in food texture design. Advantages and limitations of 3D printing in the food industry, possibilities of printing based on materials and consistency based on models as well as future trends in 3D printing including technologies of food preparation by printing on food printers are discussed. In addition, key problems that prevent mass introduction of 3D printing are examined in detail.
The article discusses the development of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region. The materials are based on the analysis of the history of development and the current state of the main directions of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region. The paper presents statistical data on the number of horses of different periods, analyzes historical information and the current state of horse breeding. Breeding achievements, problems and prospects for the development of horse breeding in the Kaliningrad region are discussed within the framework of the state strategy for the development of the industry in the Russian Federation.
The content of mineral nitrogen was studied when it was applied at a dose of 60 kg / ha on gray forest soil of heavy particle- size distribution at various levels of phosphorus-potassium nutrition in field experiments with barley. Fertilizer doses were determined by the normative method according to the CINAS method for a planned yield of 3 t / ha. It was shown that the dynamics of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen depended on the moisture regime during the vegetation period. With excessive moisture, nitrate nitrogen, with its initial content of 4-5 mg / kg, is not detected in the arable layer by the middle of the growing season, and with a moisture deficit, less dynamism is noted. It is found in an amount of 5-7 mg / kg by the end of vegetation. The N – NH4 + dynamics turned out to be less pronounced. With an excess of moisture, its content increased to 15.6 mg / kg, and with a deficit, it decreased more than by four times from the maximum during the vegetation. In general, the content of mineral nitrogen in gray forest soil is highly dynamic, which depends on the moisture regime and the nature of its consumption by barley.
Гребенщиков виктор Юрьевич 1 , кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры «Землеустройство, кадастры и сельскохозяйственная мелиорация» верхотуров василий владимирович 2 , доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры «Химия и пищевая технология им. профессора В.В. Тутуриной» Копылова Виктория Сергеевна 3 , начальник отдела агрохимического мониторинга и защиты растений 1 Иркутский государственный аграрный университет имени А.А. Ежевского 2 ФГБОУ ВО Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет 3
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