The article discusses the design features of a four-channel rail arrester with field distortion and the results of the study of its time characteristics. The need for this work related to the development of such dischargers due to the lack of their analogues is due to the widespread use of capacitive energy storage devices as power sources for electrodynamics mass accelerators. At the present stage of development of science and technology, the use of such accelerators is the most promising for creating experimental stands for modeling in laboratory conditions the processes of high-speed interaction of aircraft structural elements with particles of different masses and different origins. According to the operating conditions of the experimental stands and a wide range of changes in both particle masses and interaction velocities, the amplitude values of currents through the low-inductive load of the mass accelerator vary from hundreds of kilo amperes to several million amperes at acceleration times from units to hundreds of microseconds. With this in mind, capacitive energy storage devices are made in a multi-module design. Each module is switched to the load by its own switch. To extend the range of operation of the drive, provide the required erosion resistance of the electrodes of the switch, the stability of the discharge formation at parallel operation of switches developed construction of a rail four-channel spark gap with the distortion field, experimental and theoretical study of the effect of the ratio of the geometric dimensions of the inter electrode gap for obtaining small values for the delay time of the discharge. As a result of the research, it is shown that the value of the delay time tzap depends on the shape and diameter of the main electrodes, the material of the electrodes, the distance between the main and the control electrode, the threshold voltage, as well as the degree of inhomogeneity of the field in the inter electrode gap. The obtained analytical expressions allow us to determine the values of threshold stresses and delay times, taking into account the statistical delay time and the time of discharge formation. It is established that the value of the delay time is significantly affected by the field inhomogeneity coefficient and the configuration of the control electrode. It is noted that when the operating voltage on the arrester exceeds the threshold voltage, the delay time of the switch lies in the nanosecond region. The value of the threshold voltage Upor, at which the process of direct transformation of the streamer into a spark discharge with high conductivity, followed by a breakdown of the inter electrode gap, is determined.
The article highlights the issue of the modern Russian economy management and the theoretic representations of the general criteria of management. The research contains an analysis of the Russian management figures dynamics for the six broad aspects of management of Worldwide Governance Indicators (World Bank Group). As a result of cluster analysis of the Russian management figures growth rate there have been revealed big and important clusters. The major directions and means of management are as follows: corruption combating – corruption control; government control efficiency – rule of law and regulatory quality; political stability and absence of violence – vote and accountability. In the Russian reality there exists rationality of state government based on the rule of law, regulatory quality, freedom of speech and responsibility for the expression of will. Corruption control is manifested through the visibility of fighting it. As a result of neural network analysis of the importance of growth rates of the Russian management indicators there has been detected an hierarchy of priorities among which the Government efficiency is the most important and the least important are the reign of law, political stability and absence of violence / terrorism.
The article considers the features of the design of four-channel rail arresters with field distortion with improved time characteristics and presents the results of studies of their time characteristics. The need for these studies is associated with the widespread use of such dischargers in capacitive energy storage devices that serve as power sources for electrodynamic mass accelerators. At the present stage of the development of science and technology, the use of such accelerators is the most promising for creating experimental stands for modeling in laboratory conditions the processes of high-speed interaction of structural elements of aircraft with particles of different masses and different origins. According to the operating conditions of the experimental stands, in a wide range of changes in both particle masses and interaction velocities, the amplitude values of currents through the low-inductive load of the mass accelerator can vary from kiloamperes to several megamperes at acceleration times from units to hundreds of microseconds. With this in mind, capacitive energy storage devices are performed in a multi-module design. Each module of a capacitive energy storage device is switched to the load by its own switch. To expand the range of operation of the spark gap of the storage device, to obtain the time characteristics of the spark gap with small delay times, to exclude the probability of spontaneous operation of the spark gap, and to provide the stability of the discharge formation during parallel operation of the switches, the designs of four-channel rail spark gaps with field distortion with improved characteristics were developed, their experimental and theoretical studies were carried out. The results of the conducted studies show that the smallest value of the delay time and, accordingly, the spread of the delay time are obtained for a spark gap with field distortion with two control electrodes. It is shown that the obtained analytical expressions presented in the article and the empirical expression calculated for a spark gap with a field distortion with two control electrodes make it possible to determine the values of threshold voltages and delay times, taking into account the statistical delay time and the time of discharge formation. The value of the threshold voltage is determined, at which the process of direct transformation of the streamer into a spark discharge with high conductivity followed by a breakdown of the interelectrode gap is observed. The dependences of the static voltage on the pressure in the inner chamber of the spark gap with field distortion with improved time characteristics are given. It is shown that at a certain distance between the main electrodes at a pressure of 0,3-0,5 MPa, the arresters operate with a margin of electrical strength when the static breakdown voltage is 1,5-2 times higher than the operating voltage applied to the electrodes of the gas gap of the arrestor. This eliminates the possibility of spontaneous triggering of the dischargers of the capacitive energy storage.
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