We investigated mass mortalities of koi, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, experienced in South Indian fish farms by virus isolation, electron microscopy, PCR detection, sequencing of capsid protein gene and transmission studies. Samples of moribund koi brought to the laboratory suffered continuous mortality exhibiting swimming abnormalities, intermittent surfacing and skin darkening. Irido-like virus was isolated from the infected fish in the indigenous snakehead kidney cell line (SNKD2a). Icosahedral virus particles of 100 to 120 nm were observed in the infected cell cultures, budding from the cell membrane. Virus transmission and pathogenicity studies revealed that horizontal transmission occurred associated with mortality. PCR analysis of infected fish and cell cultures confirmed the presence of Ranavirus capsid protein sequences. Sequence analysis of the major capsid protein gene showed an identity of 99.9% to that of largemouth bass virus isolated from North America. Detection and successful isolation of this viral agent becomes the first record of isolation of a virus resembling Santee-Cooper Ranavirus from a koi and from India. We propose the name koi ranavirus to this agent.

Increase of MDA and IMA levels with decreased antioxidant status indicate the presence of OS in hypothyroid patients, which was more pronounced in OHT patients. Elevated levels of IMA can be a clinically useful marker of protein oxidative damage and OS in hypothyroidism.

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Background. There is paucity of reliable published data from Andhra Pradesh, India regarding aetiology, clinical presentation and outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring hospitalisation.Methods. We prospectively studied 100 consecutive adult patients admitted with CAP during the period January 2018 to June 2019 at our tertiary care teaching hospital in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, South India.Results. Their mean age was 54.4±15.7 years; there were 57 (57%) males. Single aetiology was found in 42% with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (12%), Legionella pneumophila (9%) being the most common; more than one concurrent aetiological agents were found in 31%; and no aetiological agent could be established in 27% patients. Mechanical ventilation (both noninvasive ventilation [NIV] and invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV]) were required in 65 patients. NIV was required in 58 patients, of them 38 had recovered; 20 had NIV-failure and required tracheal intubation and IMV. Sixteen patients died; 12 due to CAP and the rest due to other causes. On receiver-operator characteristic (ROC)-curve analysis acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score ≥14 (sensitivity 84.5% and specificity 56.3%), pneumonia severity index (PSI) score ≥98 (sensitivity 72.6% and specificity 68.8%) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ≥76 (sensitivity 73.8% and specificity 62.5%) were predictors of death. On multivariable analysis need for IMV (p<0.001) emerged as an independent predictor of death.Conclusions. CAP can present with single or multiple concurrent aetiologies. A trial of NIV can obviate the need for IMV. On multivariable analysis, need for IMV is an independent predictor of death in patients with CAP.