Pa ˆrvulescu and Hardacre Scheme 80. Thioacetalization and Transthioacetalization of Aromatic Aldehydes Scheme 81. Ethylenediammonium-Diacetate-Catalyzed Gewald Synthesis of 2-Aminothiophenes Scheme 82. Preparation of Bis-indolylmethanes through Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Indoles with Aldehydes and Ketones in ILs Scheme 83. Conversion of Ethyl Cyclohexanone-2-carboxylate to Methyl Vinyl Ketone

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Solid catalysts with unique porosity and nanoscale properties play a promising role for efficient valorization of biomass into sustainable advanced fuels and chemicals.