Globally, stroke is the fifth-most leading cause of mortality and also the third leading cause of disability. This study aimed to assess the effect of vitamin B 6 , B 9 , and B 12 supplementation on homocysteine level, risk of stroke, cardiovascular disorders, and vascular death among stroke participants. An extensive literature search was done through PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Clinical key database from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020. Effect of vitamin B (B 6 , B 9 , and B 12 ) supplementation on homocysteine was assessed with a mean difference in both vitamin and placebo groups. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for determining the risk of stroke, major cardiovascular disorder, and vascular death by using a fixed-effect model. A total of eight trials with 8513 participants were included for the final analysis. Vitamin B supplementation intervention was found to have a significant benefit in reducing homocysteine in stroke patients (mean difference -3.84; p<0.00001). The intervention of vitamin B supplementation showed a significant risk reduction of 11% for combined risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death among stroke patients, 13% for stroke and 17% for vascular death, whereas no beneficial effect was seen for cardiovascular disorders. This metaanalysis demonstrated up-to-date evidence on the beneficial effect of vitamin B supplementations in reducing homocysteine and preventing the combined risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death among stroke patients.
Background:
Adolescent obesity is a very common issue in our culture. Recent studies have shown that this is a form of global burden that may predispose factors in advanced life for many other diseases. Adolescents are a positive force for a country, responsible for their future prosperity and also for their nations.
Objectives:
The main objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among adolescents and its diverse contributing factors.
Methods:
The analysis was a cross-sectional sample method and was carried out using a sampling methodology which was not possible. Through using standardized questionnaires and using validated and calibrated heighometers and weighting devices, data was obtained from 385 participants. Body mass index (BMI) scale of the World Health Organization (WHO) has been used to create a category for obesity. BMI values greater than + 1 SD fall in the range of overweight, and levels of obese greater than + 2 SD.
Results:
It was found that 6.8% of adolescents were obese and that about 17.1% were overweight. Remaining 53.8% percent had normal category of BMI and 22.3 percent were category of underweight. A significant association of gender, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, chocolate eating habits, mode of transportation to school, sports participants, physical activity, and screen time. Adolescents who were athletic enthusiasts and those who did physical activity had a good BMI. The teens who watched more than 2 h of screen time were more obese, and these were only a few reasons that were responsible for teenage obesity.
Conclusion:
Health care practitioners and policy makers need to be aware of the prevalence and contributing factor to teenage obesity. Adolescents will embrace practices such as healthy eating habits, avoiding smoking and physical inactivity. This obesity may increase their risk of developing chronic illnesses in adulthood and later life stage.
Background of the topic revealed that orthopedic surgery is one of the most painful surgeries in which music therapy is found to be effective for reducing pain and anxiety. This study aimed to examine the effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety, and the use of opioids among patients who underwent orthopedic surgery. Methods include a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies published until December 2020 in the English language regarding music therapy in comparison to standard care on pain, anxiety, and opioid use among postoperative orthopedic patients. Results of the study included 13 studies, having a total of 778 patients included in a systematic review comprising ten RCTs and three quasi-experimental studies. Meta-analysis was performed on ten RCTs. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding the use of music therapy in reducing the pain [standard mean difference (SMD) = −0.27; p = 0.002] and anxiety (SMD = −0.40; p = 0.0009). No statistically significant difference was found in the use of opioids and physiological variables between the two groups. Conclusion of the current evidence demonstrated that music therapy significantly reduces pain and anxiety among postoperative orthopedic patients. Researchers recommended using it in the routine care of orthopedic patients for managing their subjective feelings like pain and anxiety. Musical intervention timing, duration, and type of music can be changed according to specific clinical settings and medical teams.
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