No abstract

Among the various modes of transport, road transport plays a vital role in the economic, social and industrial development of the country. Like the arteries in human beings, roads play an important role in the transport of people and goods from one place to another. While considering road transportation, the type of pavement plays a very important role in deciding the cost of construction and its operation fee. Considering flexible pavements, observations have been made regarding issues related to softening of bitumen resulting in rutting, bleeding, and segregation of the bitumen leading to failure of pavements. And those that were constructed using concrete i.e. Rigid pavements are not satisfactory in performance in accordance with the amount invested. This paper focuses the design of flexible pavement as per the guidelines of IRC:37-2012 with an appropriate and productive combination of maintenance and designed life. The paper aims at providing steps to be followed for proposing a design of perpetual pavements with the use of IIT PAVE and IRC 37, 2012 for a stretch of road having dense traffic as high as 500 msa. After many iterations, the pavement is designed for calculated msa and with the obtained values of horizontal and vertical strains the actual designed msa would be calculated and checked for the fatigue and rutting type of failure when the pavement is designed for a design life of 40 years or more. Thus the aim of the paper is to put forward the comparison of design of Perpetual pavements and flexible pavements with granular Base and Sub-Base with the use of IITPave and IRC:37-2012 guidelines thus using mechanistic empirical approach which is more scientific and reliable as compared to conventional empirical approach.

The field of nanoscience has evolved into a wide variety of successes over the past two decades and the emphasis on nanotechnology is to revolve around various dynamic fields, such as sensor, biomedical, and many useful applications. Advances in related fields are certainly due to the ability to synthesize nanoparticles from a variety of materials, structures, and to convert samples into complex nanoarchitectures. The promises of nanomedicine are broad. Graphene (Gr), the first 2-dimensional material to stand alone, is a type of new nanomaterial that leads to the excitement of natural biological applications. Number of researches has been conducted on applicability of GBNs in the area of environment, biomedical, and healthcare sectors. As compared to other nanomaterials, extraordinary properties of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) like high surface area, multilayers, multifunctional and excellent biocompatibility make them capable to play great roll of highly-tailored multifunctional delivery vehicles for drugs delivery, gene delivery, phototherapy and bioimaging. However, research communities performed plenty of research works on GBNs synthesis and biological acitivity evaluation, but  there is limited comprehensive reviews published so far biological applications. So, we have studied a large number of scientific reports and investigations, presented in this review describing recent progress and modern perspectives with respect to graphene and related nanomaterials for biological applications.