MIMO systems employ multiple transmit and receive antenna elements, substantially improve the data rates that can be transmitted over the channel and the reliability with which they can be received without any additional bandwidth. Higher data rates are achieved by transmitting multiple data streams simultaneously using spatial multiplexing techniques. Antenna selection is a solution that addresses some of the complexity drawbacks associated with MIMO systems. It reduces the hardware complexity of transmitters and receivers by using fewer RF chains than the number of antenna elements. In antenna selection, a subset of the available antenna elements is adaptively chosen by a switch, and only signals from the chosen subset are processed further by the available RF chains. Antenna selection performance has been explored from various angles such as
<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Keloids occur as a result of overgrowth of fibrous tissue following healing of a cutaneous injury and they cause aesthetic issues when they appear on the exposed parts of the body, especially the face. Keloids are difficult to treat, with a high recurrence rate. There are several treatment modalities for management of keloids, though no single modality is completely effective. Most commonly used treatment modalities are intra-lesional steroids, surgical excision, pressure application, silicone gel sheets, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cryotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy or a combination of these modalities. The aim of the study was to analyse the causes of development of keloids on the pinna and evaluated the outcomes of various treatment modalities applied. It focused on assessing the clinical efficacy of combined surgical excision of pinna keloids with serial steroid injections to prevent recurrence, in comparison to monotherapy with intra-lesional steroid injections alone.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective review based on medical records was done for 18 patients with keloid of pinna, who were treated with either monotherapy or combination therapy. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Satisfactory low recurrence rates were observed with meticulous surgical excision followed by serial steroid injections (18.2%), as compared to monotherapy with serial steroid injections alone (71.4%), and these comparative results were statistically significant at p<0.05 in the cohort.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A judicious plan for management for pinna keloids is necessary in order to achieve the best functional and cosmetic outcomes, while reducing the recurrence rates to a minimum. Following a combination of interventions has proved safe and effective for managing this challenging entity.</p>
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