We present 5 cases of urethral diverticulum in male subjects, of which 2 were congenital and 3 were acquired. Of these diverticula 4 were in the anterior urethra, while 1 was in the posterior urethra. One congenital diverticulum contained multiple calculi.

We report a rare case of polymelia in a 6-month-old female child who presented with developed lower limbs and an additional underdeveloped left lower limb.

We present a case of a 28-year-old woman second gravida with a full-term pregnancy who presented to us in active phase of labour with third degree uterovaginal prolapse complicated by entrapment of fetal head by dystocia of cervix and fetal distress. Patient was immediately shifted to the operation theatre and prompt delivery was conducted by giving Duhrssen's incision on the highly vascular, oedematous prolapsed cervix. The outcome was an alive and healthy male baby. Duhrssen's incision was stitched with minimal blood loss. Postnatal management included antibiotics and daily intravaginal packing. Patient was discharged along with the baby in satisfactory condition.

like UP, that is showing signs of emerging epidemic. These emerging districts and sub-epidemics are related to population migration, and lack of focus on preventive measures. Kanpur is one of the industrial centers of UP with considerable migrant population. The low awareness regarding HIV transmission noted in the study (0e5.6%) 1 among roadside barbers is of special concern and may point to lack of focus on IEC and other preventive strategies in this geographical area. It is important to bring this to the notice of the state AIDS Control Organization and NACO. Though the results of the study may not be of major concern with regard to HIV epidemic in India, it has implications on other blood borne infections. There is greater need for effective strategies to control transmission of HBV and HCV in the community. Vaccination and ensuring improved hygienic practices are the best answers to this problem. I am sure that the information generated in the article will help us to refocus our efforts in strengthening the strategies to control blood borne infections in the country.

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BACKGROUND:Perinatal asphyxia is a condition during the first and second stage of labour in which impaired gas exchange leads to fetal hypoxia and hypercarbia. Perinatal asphyxia is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in neonatal intensive care units. Although many studies are there but no such study was available from the studied area. So this study was conducted to know the clinical correlations of perinatal asphyxia in this area. AIMS: This study was conducted to study various maternal and neonatal risk factors for perinatal asphyxia and to study the various clinical features of perinatal asphyxia with special reference to central nervous system and to grade the encephalopathy as per Sarnat and Sarnat staging. SETTINGS: Neonatal intensive care unit of MRA Medical College Ambedkar Nagar. DESIGN: Observational study. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Neonates admitted in NICU with history of perinatal asphyxia as per the definition by WHO. RESULTS: Various feto-maternal factors were associated with asphyxiated neonates. Those observed to be significantly associated with asphyxia (in decreasing order of risk) included no antenatal checkups (50%), home delivery (40%),fetal distress (25%), meconium stained liquor (23.3%), prolonged labour (20%), prolonged rupture of membranes(16.7%) antepartum haemorrhage (13.3%),severe anemia (10%), eclampsia(8.3%),premature rupture of membrane (6.6%), obstructed labour (5%).In many of the cases more than one risk factor was associated. Of the total 120 asphyxiated neonates 80 (66.6%) had encephalopathy. As per Sarnat and Sarnat staging 24(20%) were in stage 1, 36(30%) were in stage 2 and 20(16.6%) were in stage 3 of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Other than neurological dysfunction symptoms which were also associated in asphyxiated newborn were feeding difficulties(75%), respiratory distress (25%), meconium aspiration syndrome(13.3%),acute renal Failure(8.3%),apnea(4.2%). CONCLUSION: Perinatal asphyxia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Many cases are due to poor antenatal checkups and home delivery. We recommend that more and more expectant mother to be motivated for antenatal examination to detect any pregnancy complication at its earliest and to promote more and more of institutional deliveries.

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Uroflow diagrams, obtained by plotting the mean flow rate at 1-second intervals for controls and patients with bladder outflow obstruction, have been studied in 60 healthy controls and 100 patients. Standard patterns were obtained for male and female controls in 3 different age groups and for patients with various types of lower urinary tract obstruction. Outflow diagrams in age and sex-matched controls were compared to those obtained from patients, indicating the nature and the site of obstruction.