Artemether is a popular anti-malarial drug; it is an artemisinin derivative in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether (figure 1A). It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria (for treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria) (Kayla et al., 2012). Artemisinin is extracted from which is a Artemisia annua common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia.In traditional Chinese medicine is traditionally Artemisia annua used to treat fever. The proposed mechanism of action of artemisin involves cleavage of endoperoxide bridges by iron, producing free radicals which damage biological macromolecules causing oxidative stress in the cells of the parasite. Anti-malarial drug artemisinin and its derivatives have several other important properties which include anticancerous properties. This class of drug can be a therapeutic alternative in highly aggressive cancer with rapid dissemination, without developing drug resistance. They also exhibit synergism with other anticancer drugs with no increased toxicity towards normal cells. They arrest cell cycle at G /G and regulate several important 0 1 factors that control several pathways that effect drug response, drug interaction etc. Newly developed synthetic artesemenins have been reported to show considerable anti-neoplastic activity, but information is still scarce (Das, 2015a). Considerable anti-tumour activity has been observed in animal models when artemisnin derivative
Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the health authorities. The inter-human, man-animal and man-environment relationship constitute the prime factors that explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria, Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
ABSTRACT-Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in post operative patients. Critically ill patients after extended surgical procedure are more risk to post surgical fungal infections. Life saving devices like central venous catheters can increases risk for fungal infections. Surgical infections are infections of the tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during performances of surgical procedure. Mold infection is increasingly common in post operative patients. Postoperative surgical infection represents an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of surgery. Unfortunately, medical community is not much aware of such secondary infections due to fungi in post operative patients leading to grave consequences. Better diagnostic methods are needed to improve the outcome of successful surgery and better health care for public. The diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence.
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a widely used insecticide which has a specific affinity for insect neonicotinoid acetylcholine receptors. Like all insecticides which are used in excess it tends to bioaccumulate in the environment. So it was thought worthwhile to study its cytotoxicity to human peripheral blood lymphocytes in concentrations ranging from 1.5mM to 4mM after 2 hours and 18 hours exposure by MTT method. Trypan blue test was also used to determine the percentage of living cells. The ameliorative effect of an extract of the stem in water and ethanolic extract of leaves of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, was also studied. The viability of the lymphocytes showed a fall with increasing concentrations at an exposure of 2 hours. After 18 hours exposure to the IMI only, the viability showed a significant dose dependent drop. Trypan blue test for viability was also conducted. Addition of Tinospora extract raised the viability significantly at 2 hours of incubation. In fact this increase was greatest at 3.5mM and 4mM concentration of drug. The ameliorative effect was maximum at 2 hours. Addition of Tinospora leaf extract showed a significant increase in cell viability at 18 hours of incubation as compared to values obtained with only the drug. Thus a considerable loss of viability of lymphocytes was seen after exposure to the drug in the selected concentrations but herbal extracts seem to help to make the damage less marked. The cells showed a significant rise in viability when incubated with Tinospora leaf extract only, confirming its supportive action in cell proliferation. However, taking into account the evident fall in cell viability caused by exposure to the considerably dilute concentrations tested, caution is needed to prevent over exposure to the pesticide while spraying.
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