No abstract

BACKGROUND Eclampsia is a preventable disease be prevented by making women aware of the avoidable risk factors during their antenatal visits and thereby decreasing the incidence of eclampsia and associated morbidity, mortality and perinatal outcome. Aim-To study the association of sociodemography as a risk factor for eclampsia. Objective-To compare the various parameters of sociodemographic risk factors (namely age, residence, education and socioeconomic status) between the eclamptic and the patients admitted for delivery with no complications. on 282 admitted women. This is a tertiary care hospital and its maternity service is a referral in the care of high risk pregnant women throughout the district. All women selected for the study were divided into two groups, cases and controls. Cases were the patients admitted to labour room with BP >140/90 mmHg, Urine Protein > + 1, with convulsions. Controls were the patients admitted to labour room with BP < 140/90 mmHg, Urine Protein negative, without convulsions. Their age, education, residence and socioeconomic status were compared and analysed. The X 2 test was used to determine levels of statistical significance wherever appropriate. RESULTS Majority of the cases taken into the study were from less than 20 years of age group and 21-30 years of age i.e., 44.68% and 51.77% respectively. High proportion of eclampsias 68.08% belong to rural area, only 31.92% belong to urban area. Majority of eclampsia (89.36%) cases were associated with high rate of illiteracy (89.36%) as compared to controls (47.51%), belonging to rural area (68.08%) and low socioeconomic conditions. Maximum no. of eclamptic women were from low socioeconomic class i.e., 70.92% from class V, 26.24% from class IV, 1.41% from class III and II each and no women from class I according to Modified B G Prasad Socioeconomic Classification. In our study statistically significant association was observed between eclampsia and risk factors. CONCLUSION Eclampsia is a preventable disease by making the patient aware of the risk factors which can be avoided and thereby decreasing the incidence of eclampsia and associated morbidity and mortality.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in whole saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis. Moreover, the relationship among the oxidative damage biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes activities and clinical periodontal status were investigated.Methods:Whole saliva samples were collected from 30 patients with chronic periodontitis and 30 periodontally healthy control. To determine the clinical condition of each subject, the plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment level, and probing depth were measured. The salivary 8-OHdG level was measured using the ELISA method. SOD and GPx activities and MDA levels were determined spectrophotometrically.Results:Higher salivary 8-OHdG and MDA levels (P<.001), and lower salivary SOD and GPx activities (P<.05) were detected in periodontitis patients compared to the healthy controls. Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between salivary levels of 8-OHdG and both salivary SOD and GPx activities as well as between salivary levels of MDA and both salivary SOD and GPx activities (P<.001).Conclusions:Higher salivary 8-OHdG and MDA levels and lower salivary antioxidant activities seem to reflect increased oxygen radical activity during periodontal inflammation.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as important signaling molecules in the regulation of various cellular processes. They can be generated by the mitochondrial electron transport chain in mitochondria and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during inflammatory conditions. Excessive generation of ROS may result in attack of and damage to most intracellular and extracellular components in a living organism. Moreover, ROS can directly induce and/or regulate apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Periodontal pathologies are inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Several forms of periodontal diseases are associated with activated PMN. Damage of tissues in inflammatory periodontal pathologies can be mediated by ROS resulting from the physiological activity of PMN during the phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria.

These results indicate that the presence and severity of periodontal disease seems to increase the risk for not only the occurrence but also the severity of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women.

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of pain during periodontal probing and mechanical non-surgical therapy according to age, gender, and intersubject variation such as tooth type, tooth surfaces or regions of mouth, probing depth, and bleeding on probing. The study was carried out on 64 patients with chronic periodontitis. Pain/discomfort of patients during both periodontal probing and scaling and root planing (SRP) was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). During periodontal probing and SRP, VAS scores decreased with increasing age for two procedures (Spearman rho, -0.301 and -0.348, respectively; P < 0.01). VAS scores were considerably lower for oral sites than for facial sites. VAS scores in probing were significantly higher in sites > or =4 mm deep than sites <4 mm deep. Sites bleeding on probing had a significantly higher VAS scores than sites no bleeding on probing (p < 0.05). The results showed that although there is no difference between genders, the intensity of pain during periodontal probing and SRP was different dramatically between patients as well as vary between different locations in the same mouth. If pain responses for probing in different several regions in the same mouth during initial examination were noted into patient chart used for initial examination, the therapist will recognize patients with elevated pain responses. If need be, they will then apply some pain control medication or anesthetic for patients during probing and SRP.

Systemic and local antioxidant and total antioxidant capacities are affected by periodontal disease in addition to the impact of preeclamptic status. Similar comments may be made for the increases in systemic and local malondialdehyde levels.

In patients with CP, clinical outcomes from conventional periodontal treatment of deeper pockets can be improved by using adjunctive KTP laser.