Sugarcane (
Saccharum
spp.) is a special crop plant that underwent anthropogenic evolution from a wild grass species to an important food, fodder, and energy crop. Unlike any other grass species which were selected for their kernels, sugarcane was selected for its high stem sucrose accumulation. Flowering in sugarcane is not favored since flowering diverts the stored sugar resources for the reproductive and developmental energy needs. Cultivars are vegetatively propagated and sugarcane breeding is still essentially focused on conventional methods, since the knowledge of sugarcane genetics has lagged that of other major crops. Cultivar improvement has been extremely challenging due to its polyploidy and aneuploidy nature derived from a few interspecific hybridizations between
Saccharum officinarum
and
Saccharum spontaneum,
revealing the coexistence of two distinct genome organization modes in the modern variety. Alongside implementation of modern agricultural techniques, generation of hybrid clones, transgenics and genome edited events will help to meet the ever-growing bioenergy needs. Additionally, there are two common biotechnological approaches to improve plant stress tolerance, which includes marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genetic transformation. During the past two decades, the use of molecular approaches has contributed greatly to a better understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of plant stress-tolerance and in some cases, it led to the development of plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. Hence, this review mainly intends on the events that shaped the sugarcane as what it is now and what challenges ahead and measures taken to further improve its yield, production and maximize utilization to beat the growing demands.
Objective: The objective of this study is to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles using the extracts of Eclipta prostrata.Methods: The nanoparticles synthesize is carried out using the powdered leaves and mixed with distilled water. The filtered extract was then mixedwith aqueous solution of HAuCl4 (1 mM)and AgNo(1 mM), and the reaction volume was made up to 100 ml. Then, the characterization of nanoparticleswas carried out using ultraviolet, infrared, scanning electron microscope, and the cytotoxic activity of the nanoparticles were investigated against HT29cancer cell lines. 3 Results: From the study, it was found that the plant extract was able to synthesize nanoparticles, and the synthesized nanoparticles were found to betoxic against the cancer cell line HT-29.Conclusion: In the present study, both silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the plant extract of E. prostrata. The synthesizednanoparticles were found to be effective against HT 29 cancer cells. The green synthesized nanoparticles were found to be cost-effective, simpler andenvironmentally safe. As the nanotechnology is an emerging field in medicine, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles helps in the other way. Fromthe present study, the nanoparticles synthesized were thus proved against various studies novely. Hope this paves way for the better development ofnanoparticle production in the large scale amount.Keywords: Nanoparticles, Eclipta prostrata, Scanning electron microscope, HT-29 cell line. §Both authors are equally contributed
The visible deterioration of environmental health, as witnessed for a few decades now, has been the subject of debate and research for a long time. In the desperation to remove the pollutants from the available natural resources, countless physical, chemical, and biological methods have been introduced. However, they hold a few drawbacks and tend to alter the nature of the resources. To avoid intentional alteration, physical and biological methods are put-together to develop biopolymer-based membranes that would help the crisis and sort out the preferences. The technique includes trapping industrial carbon dioxide and other gases, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, desalination, reclamation, and reuse. Membrane technology is still a hot topic for new openings. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and cost-effectivity of biopolymers are the greatest assets for developing technology. The efficacy of biopolymer-based membranes is covered in this chapter and their techniques in helping the environment.
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